Rates of Reaction - Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid Essay

Rates of Reaction - Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acidIn this piece of coursework, I will vignette how concentration affectsthe rate of reaction. I will do so by timing the reaction of SodiumThiosulphate with an acid. In this coursework, I will include backdrop knowledge, forecasting, safety, results, calculations,graphs, an analysis, proof and an evaluation. In my evaluation Iwill comment on how reliable my results were and how I could begetim proved my coursework in any possible way.The commentary of rate of reaction is The speed at which a chemicalreaction takes place. The factors that affect the rate of reaction be Use of a accelerator pedal Temperature Surface area ConcentrationI will be investigating Concentration in this experiment. In a higherconcentration there are more Sodium Thiosulphate particles. This meansthere is a higher number of concussions which will have enough energyto react. This wees the rate to increase. The time it takes for a mixed bag to take place can be measured and can be estimated. For areaction to take place 2 reactants must collide and the collision musthave enough energy.PredictionI predict that as the concentration of the Sodium Thiosulphateincreases the rate of reaction will increase. This can be proved byrelating to the collision theory. I predict that as concentration isincreased the amount of time taken for the reaction is halved.Safety IssuesThere are legion(predicate) safety issues that need to be considered while doingthis experiment. These include Wearing safety goggles at all times. If acids or any other chemicals are spilt, they would cause serious damage to the skin and eyes. Ties and long hair should be kept away from the experiment. If an accident ... ... my evidence of this experiment is reliable because I did itwith precision and carried it unwrap carefully. I thought that I mighthave some anomalies but there were not any. I can prove this by usingmy prediction earlier in the experiment. I sai d that as concentrationis increased the amount of time taken for the reaction is halved. Iwould have been perfectly repair but I made a mistake while measuring.To improve my results, I would use a wider range of concentration anddifferent acid solutions. This would help me to find a pattern andcome to a firm conclusion.Overall I think that this experiment was a success as I have provedthat concentration does affect rate, and I have also found that whenthe concentration is doubled the rate of reaction is halved. To draw afirm conclusion I would need to get more results, less inaccuraciesand better measuring methods.

Working Together in Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay -- Mending Wall

Working Together in Robert Frosts hole Wall The air is cool and crisp. Roosters can be comprehend welcoming the sunlight to a new day and a woman is seen, wearing a clean colorful wrap about her body and head, her shadow casting a lone silhouette on the stone wall. The woman leans over to slide a piece of paper into one of the cracks, hoping her prayer will be heard in this city of Jerusalem. Millions are inserting their prayers into the walls of Japanese temples, while an inmate in one of a hundred prisons across the United States looks past his wall toward the prayers he did not keep. Billions fall asleep each night surrounded by four walls and thousands travel to China to witness the grandest one of all. Who builds walls and who tears them down?The Mending Wall is the opening poem in Robert Frosts second book entitled, North of Boston. The poem portrays the casual part of life as seen by two farmers doctor their wall. A great number of people might look at Mending Wall and see a simple poem about a simple aspect of life. If this is truly the case then why are so many drawn to the poem and what is found when more than a niggling look is spent on Robert Frosts work? The Mending Wall is an insightful look at social interactions as seen in the comparison of the repeated phrases and the handed-down attitudes of the two farmers.The speaker believes, Something there is that doesnt love a wall(Stanford 1, 28). What sets this line apart from others? First there are only two phrases repeated in this piece of Robert Frosts work and we hear the speaker posing the first of them. Due to an otherwise lack of repetition, we can see that Robert Frost is trying to exemplify to the reader the different perspe... ...t took two boys to build Rome, but it takes two men to mend a wall. Works CitedBarry, Elaine. Robert Frost. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1973. 145Frost, Robert. Mending Wall. Responding to Literature. 2nd Ed. Ed. Judith A. Stanford. flock View, California Mayfield Publishing Co. 1996. 1212-1213.Gerber, Philip L. Robert Frost. Ed. Kenneth Eble. Boston Twayne Publishers. 1982. 124-125Lentricchia, Frank. Robert Frost Modern Poetics and the Landscape of Self. Durham Duke University Press. 1975. 103-107.Zverev, A. A Lovers Quarrel with the World Robert Frost. 20th Century American Literature A Soviet View. Translated by Ronald Vroon. Progress Publishers. 1976. 241-260. Rpt. in World Literature Criticism. Vol. 2. Ed. James P. Draper. Detroit Gale Research Inc. 1992. 1298-1299.

Habeas Corpus and the Use of Military Tribunals Essay -- American Hist

Habeas Corpus and the Use of Military TribunalsIn America Under the Threat of TerrorismIntroductionIt was on this date one hundred twoscore two years ago (April 25, 1861), that President Abraham capital of Nebraska sent a letter to Lt. General Winfield Scott authorizing the suspension of The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus . Lincoln had been chair for less than two months and was facing, what was up to that time and arguably may still be the greatest threat to the survival of the United States since the Founding Fathers launched this Great look into. Only eleven days earlier Major Robert Anderson, the commander of the federal garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had to surrender the fort to the Confederate Army. Lincoln was reluctant to issue such an order but had done so as he faced the very real possibility that the Maryland legislative body would convene and take action to arm the people of that state against the people of the United States .Thus began the first of several occasions in our nations level where a president when faced with a clear and present danger to our national security has had to balance fulfilling his oath to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution with the privilege to have any detainment reviewed by a judge or magistrate of competent jurisdiction. Problem StatementHow far may law enforcement officials go in flexible civil liberties to enhance national security? What does the Constitution say with respect to the suspension of the civil liberties in times of national emergency? How has the U.S. Supreme royal court interpreted the constitution with respect to the suspension of habeas corpus? Few citizens would disagree that national security is a legitimate function of political science. First and foremost, our national government is responsible for the protection of life, then liberty. The most ardent champions of the Bill of Rights concede that it would be foolish to treat civil liberties as inviolable when the lives of innocent thousands argon at stake. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, dissenting in a free speech case, gave these words of warning regarding civil libertiesThe choice is not betwixt order and liberty. It is between liberty with order and anarchy without either. There is danger that, if the Court does not temper its doctrinaire logic with a little practical wisdom, it will c... ...lue Freedom. Or it can be an indictment of our fear if we abrogate the liberties so much cherished and so dearly paid for.BibliographyRehnquist, William H. All the Laws entirely One, New York Alfred P. Knopf, 1998Blacks Law Dictionary. Abridged Seventh Ed., p. 569, West Group, St. Paul, MN (2000) Garret, Buck The Unconstitutionality of Time Limits Placed on The Great Writ, Prisoner of war in America - http//www.nov.org/garret.May97.htmRembar, Charles. The Law of the Land The Evolution of Our Legal System, pp.141 -156, Simon and Schuster, New York, (1981)Kleinfeld, Joshua. The Unio n Lincoln Made, p. 24, History Today, Vol. 47, Nov 1997.Authorities and Cases CitedU.S. Constitution, Article 1, 9Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949)Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866)Ex Parte Quiran, 317 U.S. 1 (1942)Ashcroft, John. Statement to the Press re The Capture of Jose Padilla, July 10, 2002 Padilla v. Bush, et al., 233 F. Supp. 2d 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)Padilla v. Rumsfeld. 233 F. Supp. 2d 564, No. 02 Civ. 4445, 2003 U.S. Dist. (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 11, 2003)Padilla v. Rumsfeld. 233 F. Supp. 2d 564, No. 02 Civ. 4445, 2003 U.S. Dist. (S.D.N.Y. Apr.9, 2003)

Volunteering for a Food Drive Essay -- Contribution to My Community Ser

Volunteering for a Food DriveIm hungry. Lets get something to eat before we go. It was some disco biscuit oclock on a Saturday morning. commonly my parents might find me in bed or playing on the computer at this time, but I was dressed and grasping the doorknob in our kitchen on this particular morning. I felt a slight wave of hunger flow through my body, so I suggested to my mother that we have a light mid-morning snack to tide us over before lunch. I searched through a cupboard and found some crackers to take with us. It was liberation to be a hard day, and although I knew the people at the church would probably bring snacks and refreshments for us, I wanted to be sure that I had a full stomach on which to work. I wouldnt realize the true meaning of hunger, however, until my day of work on the postal workers food drive was done. My mother helped go forth at various times throughout the year at volunteer events in the community. When I was born, she passed a few of her traits t o me, and I, too, became interested in volunteering. I played out a day each summer going down to my grandmothers church and helping out with a summer fair by selling items and pile up money for the church. As Mom started to talk about the postal workers food drive for the local food cupboard, I was anxious to help out in my own community. The idea fascinated me, helping out my neighbors by collecting and dispersing food to where it was involve. I knew Id feel just like Robin Hood fetching from the rich and giving to the poor. In this case, though, all of the process was voluntary. My impression of hunger and starvation was limited in the past to the memorable television commercials for UNICEF and the childrens funds around the world. I never realized that hunger might occur closer to home. I certainly never thought that anyone within my neighborhood or my townsfolk would be hungry. Mom drove us to where the food cupboard was located, at the Congregational church. As I entered in to the large meeting room below at the church, I was met by around eight smiling residents of our town. A few of them were older ladies a couple of them were middle-aged men. I would come to hit the hay them better as my visit elapsed at the church. I was unsure and a bit nervous at first. I hadnt visited the church since my elementary grades during which I participated in a weeklong summer Bible school. I... ...t to help out my neighbors. But a part of me still ho apply despair. Most of this food would be used by the next food drive in about six months. I could only compare it to when I was a child, seeing an ambulance rush by my house I wasnt sure whether to think that someone was hurt or that someone was helping. Now I wasnt sure if I should think of the suffering soulfulness or the people who helped by donating food. My hope was that the people needing help would find it partially because of my assistance. But I knew there would be some that, for some priming or another, d eclined to have the assistance. They were still suffering. By the end of the day, my view of hunger had completely changed. After my help, I sometimes wondered about the people who really needed food whenever I was grabbing a bite to eat. I sometimes worried about the people who were too afraid or too proud to judge help. And I sometimes thought about the time when I was the driver of the ambulance. From then on, I searched through the cupboards to find extra cans that we could donate during the food drives. And when it was ten in the morning and I needed something to eat, I reconsidered how hungry I really felt.

Allowing Cloning Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essays Science

Allowing CloningIn earlier times the subject of copy human beings has been no more than just a tempestuous idea to play around with in science-fiction books and movies. As time progresses though, more and more fantasies flex realities. Such is the case with cloning. What has unless been dreamt up before by artists on pen and paper can now be performed by scientists in laboratories. With the big businessman to clone humans now possible the question of whether much(prenominal) an act should fifty-fifty be carried out is raised. How far should cloning be kicked to go if it should even be allowed at all? The answer is that cloning should be allowed, but only in moderation.Currently Congress is debating on a note of hand on whether or not cloning should be censor outright. If this bill were to present then the scientific community allow have a huge turn around dealt against it. Human cloning techniques should not be completely blackballned because they have the poten tial of revealing new ways to cure currently incurable diseases and ailments. In the article ?Human Cloning is good for All of Us,? Patrick Stephens writes that ?regulations will delay the availability of medical technologies that cloning and genetic research are bound to bring.? take down though Stephens presents a true possibility he only sees one side of the argument and fails to examine what unchecked cloning could result in.There are those on that oppose Stephens? views completely and would prefer to have the ban on cloning passed by Congress. The result that those people want may be a little extreme, but they seem to be doing it for the right reasons. As mentioned before, cloning has been used as a subject in many science-fiction stores and in virtually of those cloning has ended up bringing about a ... ... and researched before human clones are produced. We need to learn everything we can about it before we pass judgment. A ban would only prevent us as a society fro m exploring another possibility that would further separate us from the wild animals and allow us to make a more distinct smear as human beings.Works Cited?Stop Cloning Now,? The Interim. February 2003. http//www.lifesite.net/interim/2003/feb/04editorials.htmlStephens, Patrick. ?Human Cloning is salutary for All of Us,? The Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001.http//www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp?Ten Reasons to Support the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,? Americans to Ban Cloning. http//cloning entropyrmation.org/info/talking_points.htmBinswanger, Harry. ?Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,? Religion vs. Morality. http//religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html Allowing Cloning Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essays ScienceAllowing CloningIn earlier times the subject of cloning human beings has been no more than just a fantastic idea to play around with in science-fiction books and movies. As time progresses though, more and more fanta sies become realities. Such is the case with cloning. What has only been dreamt up before by artists on pen and paper can now be performed by scientists in laboratories. With the ability to clone humans now possible the question of whether such an act should even be carried out is raised. How far should cloning be allowed to go if it should even be allowed at all? The answer is that cloning should be allowed, but only in moderation.Currently Congress is debating on a bill on whether or not cloning should be banned outright. If this bill were to pass then the scientific community will have a huge blow dealt against it. Human cloning techniques should not be completely banned because they have the potential of revealing new ways to cure currently incurable diseases and ailments. In the article ?Human Cloning is good for All of Us,? Patrick Stephens writes that ?regulations will delay the availability of medical technologies that cloning and genetic research are bound to bring. ? Even though Stephens presents a true possibility he only sees one side of the argument and fails to examine what unchecked cloning could result in.There are those on that oppose Stephens? views completely and would prefer to have the ban on cloning passed by Congress. The result that those people want may be a little extreme, but they seem to be doing it for the right reasons. As mentioned before, cloning has been used as a subject in many science-fiction stores and in most of those cloning has ended up bringing about a ... ... and researched before human clones are produced. We need to learn everything we can about it before we pass judgment. A ban would only prevent us as a society from exploring another possibility that would further separate us from the wild animals and allow us to make a more distinct mark as human beings.Works Cited?Stop Cloning Now,? The Interim. February 2003. http//www.lifesite.net/interim/2003/feb/04editorials.htmlStephens, Patrick. ?Human Cloni ng is Good for All of Us,? The Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001.http//www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp?Ten Reasons to Support the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,? Americans to Ban Cloning. http//cloninginformation.org/info/talking_points.htmBinswanger, Harry. ?Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,? Religion vs. Morality. http//religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html

Allowing Cloning Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essays Science

Allowing copyIn precedent terms the subject of re-create human beings has been no more than than just a fantastic idea to play around with in science-fiction books and movies. As time progresses though, more and more fantasies become realities. Such is the case with copy. What has altogether been dreamt up before by artists on pen and paper behind outright be performed by scientists in laboratories. With the ability to clone humans now possible the question of whether such an act should even be carried out is raised. How far should clone be anyowed to go if it should even be allowed at all? The answer is that cloning should be allowed, but save in moderation.Currently Congress is debating on a bill on whether or non cloning should be banned outright. If this bill were to pass then the scientific community will drop a huge blow dealt against it. Human cloning techniques should not be solely banned because they have the potential of revealing new ways to retrieve currently incurable diseases and ailments. In the article ?Human Cloning is good for All of Us,? Patrick Stephens writes that ?regulations will delay the availability of medical technologies that cloning and genetic interrogation are bound to bring.? Even though Stephens presents a original possibility he only sees one side of the argument and fails to examine what unchecked cloning could result in.There are those on that oppose Stephens? views completely and would prefer to have the ban on cloning passed by Congress. The result that those people indispensableness may be a little extreme, but they reckon to be doing it for the right reasons. As mentioned before, cloning has been used as a subject in many science-fiction stores and in most of those cloning has ended up bringing about a ... ... and researched before human clones are produced. We need to learn everything we can about it before we pass judgment. A ban would only prevent us as a society from exploring another possibility that would further expose us from the wild animals and allow us to make a more distinct mark as human beings.Works Cited?Stop Cloning Now,? The Interim. February 2003. http//www.lifesite.net/ meantime/2003/feb/04editorials.htmlStephens, Patrick. ?Human Cloning is Good for All of Us,? The Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001.http//www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp?Ten Reasons to escort the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,? Americans to Ban Cloning. http//cloninginformation.org/info/talking_points.htmBinswanger, Harry. ?Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,? Religion vs. Morality. http//religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html Allowing Cloning Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essays ScienceAllowing CloningIn earlier times the subject of cloning human beings has been no more than just a fantastic idea to play around with in science-fiction books and movies. As time progresses though, more and more fantasies become realities. Such is the case with cloning. What has only been dreamt up before by artists on pen and paper can now be performed by scientists in laboratories. With the ability to clone humans now possible the question of whether such an act should even be carried out is raised. How far should cloning be allowed to go if it should even be allowed at all? The answer is that cloning should be allowed, but only in moderation.Currently Congress is debating on a bill on whether or not cloning should be banned outright. If this bill were to pass then the scientific community will have a huge blow dealt against it. Human cloning techniques should not be completely banned because they have the potential of revealing new ways to cure currently incurable diseases and ailments. In the article ?Human Cloning is good for All of Us,? Patrick Stephens writes that ?regulations will delay the availability of medical technologies that cloning and genetic research are bound to bring.? Even though Stephens prese nts a true possibility he only sees one side of the argument and fails to examine what unchecked cloning could result in.There are those on that oppose Stephens? views completely and would prefer to have the ban on cloning passed by Congress. The result that those people want may be a little extreme, but they seem to be doing it for the right reasons. As mentioned before, cloning has been used as a subject in many science-fiction stores and in most of those cloning has ended up bringing about a ... ... and researched before human clones are produced. We need to learn everything we can about it before we pass judgment. A ban would only prevent us as a society from exploring another possibility that would further separate us from the wild animals and allow us to make a more distinct mark as human beings.Works Cited?Stop Cloning Now,? The Interim. February 2003. http//www.lifesite.net/interim/2003/feb/04editorials.htmlStephens, Patrick. ?Human Cloning is Good for All of Us,? Th e Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001.http//www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp?Ten Reasons to Support the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,? Americans to Ban Cloning. http//cloninginformation.org/info/talking_points.htmBinswanger, Harry. ?Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,? Religion vs. Morality. http//religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html

Jai Ho

Assignment invert business leader October 19, 2012 1 Introduction Today, top search engines like Google and Yahoo use a data structure called Inverted Index for their matching of queries to the chronicles and give users the relevant documents according to their rank. Inverted Index is basically a mapping from a word to its position of occurence in the document. Since a word may appear more than once in the document, storing all the positions and the frequency of a word in the document gives an idea of relevance of this document for a particular word.If such an inverted index is phase up for each document in the collection, then when a query is ? red, a search can be done for the query in these indexes and ranking is obtained according to the frequency. Mathematically, an inverted index for a document D and strings s1 , s2 , , sn is of the puddle s1 ? a1 , a1 , 1 2 s2 ? a2 , a2 , 1 2 . . . sn ? an , an , 2 1 where ak denotes the lth position of k th word in the document D. l To build up this kind of data structure e? iently, Tries are used. Tries are a good data structure for strings as searching becomes in truth simple here with every leaf node describing one word. To build up an inverted index given a set of documents using trie, avocation steps are followed Traverse one document and insert words into a trie. As a leaf node is reached, assign it a bet (in increasing order) representing its location in the index (staring from 0). Add the position of this word into the index. Now for a word which occur more than once in the document, when approach for second insertion into the trie is made, a leaf node already containing that word would be found and its value would tell the location in the index. So just flat go to this index and add another position for this word. Do this till end of document is reached. Now, you mystify a trie and an inverted index for the ? rst document. Repeat this surgical process for the rest of the documents. 1 Now follow the below steps to search for a word from the inverted indexes and tries of all the documents For every document, ? st search for the word in the corresponding trie and get its location in the inverted index of that document. Then traverse through all the positions and see which document has most frequency and do the documents accordingly (in decreasing order). Also, in every document there are special words called anchor textbooks which have more importance than a ruler text word. For example a download link. So for the same word, its occurence as an anchor text increases the relevance of that document over its expression occurence. 2 enigma StatementFor this assignment, you need to create an inverted index for a collection C of documents from 1 to n. Every document will be a plain text ? le with ? rst line storing its id from 1 to n and next few lines containing space or new line separated words. The index should be an array of lists with coat of array equal to to tal number of distinct words in the array and the list for each word contains the locations of the word in the document. The trie used for this wrench can be represented in any form (array/linked list/trees etc. ).So you would have n such tries and inverted indexes. Then you should wonder user for the queries (single-word) and give the order of documents in decreasing order of relevance. For our case, the anchor texts are represented by following the word with a ?. So if you have something like Rats fear cats and cats* fear dogs. then here 1st cat is a normal word whereas 2nd cat is an anchor text. So now your array size will be 2 ? totalnumberof distinctwords in the document as you would store positions of normal text and anchor text separately for a given word.And now relevance should ? rst be decided by the frequency of anchor texts and within them collision should be resolved by frequency of normal text. D1 D2 D3 1 it is what it is 2 what is it 3 it is a banana Below are the corresponding tries and inverted indexes for the 3 documents (? gure 1). 2 Figure 1 Trie and Inverted Index for Documents 1, 2 and 3 Now if query is it then search in 1st index gives 0, 3(f req = 2), 2nd index gives 2(f req = 1) and 3rd one gives 0(f req = 1).So, our output is 1, 2, 3or1, 3, 2 (as document 2 and 3 have equal relevance). NOTE The names of the data ? les should be taken from command line. After 3 building the inverted index, you should ask for query again from command prompt and also give an option of quitting any time the user want. The inverted indexes should be written to ? les named as 1 n. txt with each line corresponding to one word in the document. You can rationalise case-sensitive words i. e. , Cat and cat are same. Also ignore symbols in the text (if any) like . ,-? 4

Penelope, the Odyssey

Penelope, Loyal Wife of Lord Odysseus While Penelope is not the principal character in home runs The Odyssey, Odysseus perception of her is optimal. The relationship between them is not based on loyalty, we, the audience, have the privilege to understand his genuine feelings towards her. Throughout Odysseus journey, Homer assures us that he loves Penelope regardless of the fact that he has his episodes of infidelity. Homer also insinuates that Odysseus, although maybe not immediately, acknowledges the sacrifices that she makes for him.He also elaborates that Penelope is dedicated to Odysseus by constantly reminding us of how she refuses to own up on her marriage and settle with one of the many suitors that plague her estate. Penelope proved herself to be a strong individual in The Odyssey. For twenty-four hour periods during Odysseus absence from his kingdom, unable to return home, there were men who contended against one another ho pivot mang that they would be able to take Ody sseus place on his throne.However, Penelope continued to deferment for her husband to come home regardless of how unlikely it was that Odysseus would reclaim his title of king, all while allowing the possible replacements to believe that they have a chance as Antinous describes to Odysseus and Penelopes only son So high and mighty, Telemachus such unbridled rage Well now, fling your accusations at us? Think to pin the blame on us? You think again. Its not the suitors here who deserve the blame, its your own dear mother, the matchless queen of cunning.Look here. For three age now, getting on to four, shes p droped it fast and loose with all our hearts, building each mans hopes dangling promises, dropping hints to each merely all the while with something else in mind. (Book 290-100) This suggests that women of the society in Ancient Greece would be devoted and dependent on their husbands, but were also given options to pave their own paths. If tragedy were to strike, women would be able to do what they wanted to, in terms of choosing a new husband.Throughout the epic poem, Penelope faecal matter be viewed as either active or passiveactive, in the sense that she is content with being independent and not allowing the suitors to sway her mind towards choosing them, and passive, because she allows the same suitors to eat onward at her possessions and also that she remains submissive as a loyal wife. However, the only constant that is guaranteed is that she does love and is loyal to Odysseus, as she reveals to a stranger, oblivious to the fact that it is her husband, in fact, in disguise No, no, stranger, wise Penelope demurred, whatever form and feature I Had, what praise Id won, he deathless gods done for(p) that day the Achaeans sailed away to Troy, my husband in their ships, Odysseusif he could return to tend my animation the renown I had would only grow in glory. Now my life is torment . . . look at the griefs some god has loosed against me All the nobles who rule the islands round about, Dulichion, Same, and wooded Zacynthus too, and all who lord it in sunny Ithaca itself they court me against my will, they lay waste my house. So I pay no heed to strangers, suppliants at my door, not even heralds out on their public errands here I suffer for Odysseus, always, my heart pines away. Book 19138-51) It was also made clear to the suitors, even though they were being led on, that they understood that Penelope had no interest in substituting Odysseus, as explained by one of the murdered suitors Famous Atrides Amphimedons ghost called back. Lord of men, Agamemnon, I remember it all, your majesty, as you say, and I will mark you, start to finish now, the story of our death, the brutal end contrived to take us off. We were courting the wife of Odysseus, gone so long. She neither spurned nor embraced a marriage she despised, no, she simply planned our death, our black doomThis was her latest masterpiece of guile she set up a great loom in t he majestic halls and she began to wave, and the weaving finespun, the yarns endless, and she would lead us on Young men, my suitors, now that King Odysseus is no more, go slowly, keen as you are to marry me, until I can finish off this web . . . so my weaving wont all fray and come to nothing. This is a shroud for old lord Laertes, for that day when the deadly fate that lays us out at last will take him down. I dread the shame my countrywomen would heap upon me, yes, if a man of such wealth should lie in state without a shroud for cover. Her very words, and despite our pride and passion we believed her. So by day shed tramp at her great and growing web by night, by the light of torches set beside her, she would unravel all shed done. Three whole years she deceived us blind, seduced us with this scheme . . . (Book 24130-57) While Penelope can be deemed mischievous by those whom she had deceived, the result was that she was truly faithful to her husband, despite the amount of cond emnation she had to wait for him and aside from his lack of fidelity towards her. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York, 1996

Italy embraces Welsh Literature Essay

The Italians have fallen for welsh literature, if the trend of publication (18 books in 9 years with more to follow) has anything to go by. However, its not scarcely a sudden connoisseurship that this country, an inveterate contributor of Arts and literature, is bent on to prove. It has more to do with the bond that developed by dint of the migration of a ballock of Italians to Wales in the 20th Century, besides having somewhat similar appetite for Romantic art and culture.The latest from the Welsh stable atomic number 18, The Canals of Mars (poetry collection) by Patrick McGuinness, Minhinnick (anthology of contemporary Welsh poetry), The Prince of Wales (a novel on modern Cardiff) by John Williams and Y Pla (The Plague, a novel) by William Owen Roberts. Thus, translations are doing fine with experts in zone like Andrea Bianchi and Silvana Siviero, who are translating their 11th book from Wales. Bianchis own poetic prowess joined with Ms Sivieros 13 years of on the soil experie nce.High on success, they have branded their works as Parole dal Galles (Geiriau O Gymru). Close on the heels are six other publishers. The literary magazine from the University of Venice through its Welsh Literature Section, also provides encouragement. With three volumes of poetry by Robert in the pipe line, along with publishing prospect of the books by poets Gillian Clarke and John Barnie or the novelist Caradog Prichard, both the market and its producers are upbeat about the future.The poet, Gwyneth Lewis or Sioned Puw Rowlands, the director of Welsh Literature Abroad all attribute this enthusiasm to the orchestrated thrust produced by the parties from both the sides, save the Italian readers interest, which they have already proved by their rousing reception to the novelist Trezza Azzopardi.

Recrystallization of Acetanilide Using Water as Solvent Essay

AbstractRecrystallization is a technique used to purify total impregnables. This method involves fade away of a solute in a solvent and inciting the solute to produce a precipitate from a solution. In this experiment, acetic anhydride was added to the mixture of 2mL aniline and 20mL of di fluided water. The mixture was cooled in an scrap bath and filtered through filter paper resulting to the approximative acetanilid. The arrant(a) phenylacetamide was then produced by the filtered solution of crude acetanilide and recrystallizing solvent. Choosing of the recrystallizing solvent was done by placing a small center of pure acetanilide in three prove tubes, each containing water, 95% grain alcohol and hexane. The final weight produced by the pure acetanilide is 1.1g contrary to the weight of the crude of the acetanilide which is 0.5g. Quantitative analysis showed that the pure acetanilide produced 37.04% percentage kick in.IntroductionRecrystallization is a fulfil of purifying organic compounds obtained from nature that contain disintegrable, insoluble and colored impurities. This is based on the premise that solubility increases on the increase of temperature while solubility decreases on the decrease of temperature. This is the process behind the formation of crystals. Recrystallization can be broken down into several steps. A suitable solvent is chosen followed by the compound creation fade out in a minimum solvent. Insoluble impurities be removed and crystallization follows upon cooling. The crystals are collected and dried.Choosing the best recrystallizing solvent would lead to the solubility of the impure substances in the compound. The boiling point of the recrystallizing solvent should be lower than the compound to be recrystallized. There are several criteria in determining the best recrystallizing solvent. The compound being purified must be insoluble in the solvent at dwell temperature. It should be insoluble in the solvent at noble temp erature. Upon low temperature, it should be soluble.Acetanilide can be obtained by acetylation of aniline undergone by nit balancen at low temperature. For acetylation of anilines, acetic anhydride is commonly used. Also called acetic acid anilide, acetanilide is an odorless, washrag crystalline powder which is soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, glycerol and benzene. It has a melting point of 114 C and boiling point of 314C. It is a combustible solid. When digested, it is more or less toxic. Exposure to body tissues would lead to irritation. For the production of rubber accelerators, dyes and camphor, acetanilide is used as an intermediate. It also used in penicillin synthesis and other pharmaceuticals like painkillers and intermediates. It is antipathetical with strong alkalis and oxidizers but remains stable under normal conditions. Also, it is an amide.This experiment aims to purify crude acetanilide water, the best recrystallizing solvent, which is det ermined by the solubility of the solid compound, to produce pure acetanilide and to calculate the percentage yield of the weight of the pure acetanilide. Also, it aims to prove the process of recrystallization in purifying compounds.Materials and MethodsThe materials used were test tubes, Erlenmeyer flask, bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, beaker, filter paper, aniline compound, hexane compound, acetic anhydride and methanol.The experiment began on the choosing of the recrystallizing solvent. Three test tubes that individually contained 1mL water, 95% ethanol and hexane were added a corn grain amount of pure acetanilide. Water was the chosenrecrystallizing solvent. In an Erlenmeyer flask, 2mL of aniline and 20mL of distilled water were mixed to be followed by the slow addition of 3mL acetic anhydride. This produced the crude acetanilide. The crude acetanilide was weighed. 20mL of recrystallizing solvent was added to the crude acetanilide. The solution was heated in the water bath until the solid dissolves. Activated charcoal is added to produce a colorless solution. While still hot, the solution was filtered through the filter paper. The crystals produced are collected, washed with distilled water and dried between filter papers. The resulting pure acetanilide is weighedResults and DiscussionChoosing the recrystallizing solvent3 test tubes containing 1mL water, 95% ethanol and hexane were subjected to different temperatures for 1-5 minutes in order to test the solubility of the pure acetanilide. In room temperature, water and hexane were insoluble whereas, 95% ethanol was soluble. In high temperature or during heating, water and 95% ethanol are soluble while hexane was insoluble. In low temperature of upon cooling, water and 95% ethanol are both insoluble while hexane remained insoluble.Table 1 shows the result of the solubility of pure acetanilide in different temperatures provided.Table 1 Summary of the solubility of Pure Acetanilide in Different Solvents of Varying TemperaturesSolvent At room temperature During heating Upon cooling Water Insoluble Soluble Insoluble95% ethanol Soluble Soluble SolubleHexane Inoluble Insoluble InsolubleIn order to attain the best recrystallizing solvent, this table explains that the compound should be very soluble in high temperatures and insoluble inroom temperature. The difference in hot and cold temperatures is essential for the process of recrystallization. It would not dissolve if at high temperatures the compound in the chosen solvent is insoluble. It would not crystallize in pure form if the compound in the solvent is soluble. The desired compound may be lost during recrystallization that is why the solvent should not react with the compound being purified. Unwanted impurities should be either very soluble in room temperature of insoluble in hot temperature. After the solution cools, the desired compound crystallizes and the remaining impurities will remain dissolved. After the compound has c rystallized, the solvent should be inconstant enough to be removed from the solvent after the compound. Easy and rapid drying of the solid compound after it has been isolated follows.Table 2 shows the weight of the crude acetanilide and the pure acetanilide.Table 2 Summary of the Weight of Crude and Pure AcetanilideAcetanilide Weight (g)Crude 6.5Pure 1.2Crude acetanilide was formed from the synthesis of acetanilide. Pure acetanilide was collected after recrystallizing the crude acetanilide.Quantitative Analysis of Acetanilide thru Determination of Percentage Yield The percentage retrieval of pure acetanilide was computed using the formula%Yield=Actual YieldTheoretical Yield x 100Substituting the values%Yield=1.1g2.97gx 100Therefore, the percentage yield of pure acetanilide is 37.04%.Percentage yield is used in cases where chemical transformation occurs. In calculating the percentage yield, the following is needed1. The molar ratio of product to starting material2. The molecular wei ghts of product and starting material 3. Limiting ReagentDetermination of Theoretical Yield2mL Aniline (C6H5NH2) x 1.0271 mole x 1 mole93.13g x 102.09 g1 mole = 2.24g3mL Acetic Anhydride (C4H6O3) x 1.0821 mole x 1 mole102.09g x 93.13g1 mole = 2.97gThe limiting reagent is Aniline since 2.97g was needed to make 3 milliliters of Acetic Anhydride.REFERENCESFrom The Internet(1) http//www.chem.umass.edu/samal/269/cryst1.pdf. Recrystallization. Electronic References (2) http//www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/bsac/Org%20Chem%20Lab_2012/Exp.21.pdf. Purification by Recrystallization (3) http//www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB9444812.htm. Chemical Book (4) http//www.epcc.edu/OfficeofRiskManagement/Documents/EPCC%20MSDS/Acetanilide.pdf. Flinn Scientific Inc. (2001) (5) http//sites.psu.edu/lburns/files/2013/04/ch.6-formal-report.pdf. Bortiatynski, Jackie, MMechan, J.C.

Alcohol in Colonial America

The first settlers arrived to the Americas and staked their claim on this new disco real. Something else was waiting for the settlers, a beverage of intoxication. Almost as quickly as they began to organize and sub-divide the land, the immigrants, and true natives to northernmost America shared their beloved crispen alcohol. Cultures of varied races arrived and shared in this most cherished drink. There were uses for alcohol in the earliest colonial multiplication that went beyond a beverage to drink in festive gatherings.There are varied beliefs surrounding the conception of alcohol inhalation and its effects on British Colonies. Some are true, others are false. I will construct an investigation surrounding the history of alcohol in Colonial America with persuasive evidence to support my findings. Alcohol, overly commun wholey referred to as spirits in Colonial America had m all uses. Alcohol, of course, was used in festive times, but it was also used in religious ceremonies a s well and providing medicinal properties to aid in curing ailments.The sign impact of alcohol on the settlers led them to take it for its varied uses. Although moderate use of alcohol was accepted, society, from its inception into the Americas, frowned upon individuals becoming overly intoxicated. In other words, inebriatedness was viewed negatively. Since alcohol was considered a gift from the gods to the natives, the settlers, too, accepted its psychoactive properties as something almost sacred. The growing communities treasured it, just as the natives did. Time and abuse were two components that led to problems for alcohol consumption.Due to its success in the minds of settlers, they partook in alcohol consumption for all three meals of the day beer with breakfast, overweight cider with lunch, beer with supper. In fact, beer and hard cider were the most popular drinks for colonists. As the drinking continued, they cute to learn how to brew beer. One of the initial problems aside from increasing abuse of alcoholic drunkennesswas the lack of sufficient ingredients. Barley, grains, hops, and yeast were the main ingredients in a brewing beer. The colonies did not have an ample selection of hops and grains.Harvesting of barley and hops was not a common crop among farmers of this era. Many colonists try different ingredients, but nothing satisfied the perfect blend of hops, barley, yeast, and grain. By the late 1600s, cider became a acme choice among colonists, mainly due the orchard apple tree crops that were prevalent in colonial times. Mass production through efficient farming and harvesting by colonists was seen. Thanks again to England for the apples. Farmers add-ond their work buck mainly due to the reward of the final product cider matured into hard cider (which include alcohol).With the increasing popularity of beer and cider, the settlers discovered a need to increase their selection. The settlers started to import inexpensive yields of sugar ca ne and molasses to brew another popular drink rum. Rum quickly gained in popularity for the following reasons it was cheap to produce and tasted good. By 1700, in Boston, the first commercial distillery was opened. The increase in rum consumption was the first challenge to the beer market. Religion and alcohol found a common link. In fact, many taverns were required to be built near performes or the local town meeting house.The religious zealots accepted alcohol consumption stringently in moderation, though. Drunkenness, of course, was viewed as sinful. Alcohol soon became a problem in the eyes of the church and impartialitys were established surrounding alcohol. In 1697, in New York, they enacted a law that required all taverns to be closed on Sunday. They required that the Sabbath be set aside as a day solely for rapprochement with the Lord and prayer. In conjunction with the closure of taverns on Sundays, the church required further regulations against alcohol consumption on Sa turday nights as well.The main concern for the church was that taverns were gaining more popularity than the Sunday services. The Reverend Charles Woodmason went one step further and cautioned parishioners with the thought that there was a competition between the church and tavern for souls. Reverend Charles was quoted was motto the following, the taverns had more company of a Saturday, than in the church on Sunday. As colonists went into the early part of the 19th century, religion encouraged moderation in any and all alcoholic drinks. Alcohol, aside from the churches persistent concern over drunkenness and a loss of parishioner appeal, had other uses.Alcohol was also widely used in the field of medicine. Many doctors and medical practitioners believed that some of the stronger spirits could prevent disease, cure some common infections, and offer relief to minor aches and pains such as headaches, sore joints and muscles. In these instances, doctors would prescribe rum, hard cider , or whiskey. Doctors also encouraged patients to increase alcohol consumption to relieve emotional or stressful problems in their daily life. In fact, doctors went so far as to prescribe families to drink alcohol in lie of water.They thought that water brought from Europe was contaminated, and, thus, could lead to serious-minded illness. Alcohol consumption was also prescribed to children suffering from viral infections as well as aiding in their development into a stronger, more physically fit out individual. A little whiskey and honey went a long way for a sick child. The unusual, or even outlandish, practices went further still doctors prescribed hard liquor to women who were in labor, a means of numbing some of the intense pain suffered during labor. Midwives would brew what was coined groaning ale. This groaning ale contained extremely high contents of alcohol and special spices, all in hopes of easing the child bearing pains. A variation to groaning ale was used by some doc tors. This was a little less toxin on the mother and baby. Doctors concocted spirits that were used as an anesthetic. This anesthetic was less expensive and more readily available from household to household than the hard spirits used in the groaning ale. Alcohol, as with many new products brought to civilized society, began as an innocent and purely beneficial product.Beyond the stress-reducing capacity for hard cider or beer, the early nutritionists thought alcohol had great nutritional value and needed to be added to a persons health-conscious daily diet regime. Due to this initial nutritious appeal, politicians did not, initially, write jurisprudence limiting alcohol consumption. It was not until 1619, in the state of Virginia, that the first law was passed to control alcohol use. Policy maker main objective was to restrict drunkenness, not prohibit the use of alcohol.This first law enacted a penalty against drunkenness which stated that if you were arrested for being drunk an d disorderly, then the fine would be up to 5 shillings or imprisonment. In time, however, politician modified the law to only include a monetary infraction. The reasoning behind this law was because the lower-classes tended to be the ones caught in public, and politicians matte up a fine would be viewed as more distressing to the lower-class and curtail drunkenness. The next state to enact legislation surrounding alcohol consumption was Maryland. In Maryland, in 1639, they attempted to limit the amount a person drank.According to law, it was illegal to be drunk in public drunkenness was outlined as drinking with excess to the notable perturbation of any organ or sense of motion. The penalty was the same as in Virginia 5 shillings. In 1645, Massachusetts jumped on the alcohol bandwagon, passing a law that restricted the amount an individual could consume at any period of time. The law stated the following, The courts consider it illegal to drink more than a pint of wine at a time. Anything over a pint constituted inebriation. On top of this, Massachusetts instituted another statute for ale houses and tavern owners.This statute made it illegal for owners to serve a customer beyond the legal limit, a difficult law to follow. With this statute, however, both the proprietor and customer could be fined for disobeying this law (Austin, Gregory p. 230). The Plymouth colonies chose a different slant in enacting their alcohol legislation. Unlike the Virginian definition for drunkenness, in the Plymouth settlement the sharpen was on motor skills. Plymouth went so far as to define the term which constituted a universal viewthroughout almost every colonythat alcohol is not healthy, nor should it be considered beneficial to a persons health.The Plymouth definition was as follows they viewed being drunknot by loss of mobility or amount consumedbut instead by the persons ability speak clearly A person that lisps or faulters in his speech by reason of drink, or that vomit s, or cannot follow his calling. (Austin, Gregory, p. 240) When we look at gender, women were not considered part of the drinking culture. Most often, women drank in private (Salinger, Sharon p 223). According to historic record, women rarely drank in public in colonial times. It was viewed as unacceptable for a woman.Policy makers enacted different conditions and consequences for each gender. Women were rarely seen in bars and taverns in this period. The brewing of beer, up until the late 1700s, was an art left for the women to complete. Men would be off at work during the day and women kept the house in order, which included beer and liquor. Home-brewing was very common. In fact, most households that drank brewed their own ale. The Spaniards arrived in the 1700s and brought wine to the colonies. At the time, vineyards were unheard of thus, without grapes they could not cultivate, ferment, and produce wine in the colonies.It was brought over on ship. The French soon followed and w ere able to cultivate the grapes on colony soil. Wine consumption gained in popularity, yet the hard cider was still the preferred drink among the middle class. Germans, too, became part of the alcohol dynamic. The Germans brought better techniques to brewing fine ales and were the first to bring lagers to the Americas. All of these countries brought new ideas and new brewing methods to the colonies. In conclusion, it is apparent that the initial discovery of alcohol for the colonies was viewed as a sacred drink.The colonists took the vision of the natives and brought it into their lives as a daily staple. The harms and potential for dangerous situations soon became rampant with all the drunken colonists. Laws were passed and changes were made in various colonies in hopes of curtailing the problems associated with drunken behavior. Even the churches got involved. As new cultures landed from various countries, they discovered new varieties on crafting a very popular beverage. Regardl ess of all the dangers associated with alcohol consumption, I believe its going to continue to be a drink enjoyed throughout the world.

Act 2- Proctor’s house Essay

The crucible is set in the early 1920s in a place called capital of Oregon in Massachusetts America. The story is based on the problem of witchcraft to be a witch or warlock in those days was unforgivable. The great deal maintenance in Salem were all strict Puritans and anything un-natural was said to be wrong. Any ane with any evidence of another being in contact with the devil was immediately taken to court for a case, they could be imprisoned for many years or worse killed. As you can imagine this arose a great deal of problems including peoples greed or jealousy taking over their moral beliefs. People would accuse others to get what they wanted e.g. land.Act 2- monitors house. r come inine of ElizabethElizabeth- What keeps you so late? Its almost dark.At this point in the story Elizabeth still has a slenderly higher status than her husband, and has done for kind of a while this is because he is the one that has sinned and still needs to watch his tint if he wants to keep her as his wife. As she walks in from singing to the children, she ordain be looking at her husband at first, thence look out side swiftly when she says Its almost dark.She asks a question virtually his work to be polite, not necessarily interested so will be busy with something on the table, e.g. a candle stick. When she has to respond to Proctor intercommunicate if the boys are asleep she will look up from what she is doing and dress while walking quickly over to the fireplace. She answers vaguely to Proctors wishing for a fair summer.When Proctor asks if she is well today She turns around with the plate of his food and smiles kindly and responds I am Although not returning the question.She then nods at the plate and tells him it is rabbit. She then pulls out a chair and sits by him watching him sit down to eat. Her eyes never leave him apart from to look at the rabbit describing how painful it was for her to exotic dancer her. While she watches him taste it, there is a look of slight anticipation on her face to see his respond. She is still sitting up remediate set about him, perfect posture. It is at this point that their statuses are equal, she wants praise from him. Which when she gets she blushes and smiles, except asks for more so asks- its tender? Maybe leaning slightly further forward, shut the distance that is between them.After proctor tells her that he means to please her, the eye contact becomes more intense for a split second but before long disappears. Her facial expression is of fake happiness maybe even slight sadness. As she replies she looks at Proctor for the beginning of the line I hunch forward it but then looks down when she says John. Indicating it is very hard for her to say. When Proctor tries to kiss her she does not lean in towards it but sits very still and up right in her chair, looking away. She receives it but does not return it. After he has sat down she continues to look at him, which is when he sullenly says Cider .In a thanking sort of way, for changing the subject she quickly stands replying Aye The subject bum onto the farm, Elizabeth still shows that there is something still annoying her. She walks quickly back with the cider and places it by him, and sits back down. Proctor then introduces the idea of flowers in the house, she answers quickly, and looking around, hands on the table and feet perfectly together on the floor.She says that she has forgotten, but this is not top on her list, so says it rather quickly, with the air of not really caring about it. Proctor then suggests that they go on a walk together one day to look at the flowers he finishes the sentence with saying how beautiful Massachusetts is in the spring. Elizabeth only responds to this, not the walk through the wood together. Her answer is short and quick, and as she says it has a knowing look upon her face and nods slightly but it is obvious that she doesnt care and this is not what she is thinking about at the moment. There is a pause and she continues to watch him for a short while, with a look of enquiry and un-knowing on her face. When he does not say anything she gets up and picks up his plate and cutlery. She does this briskly not saying a word. She stands by the basin, after placing the plate and cutlery in it. She has her back to him and does not move, but waits.Proctor then says I think youre sad again, are you? She doesnt reply immediately and still doesnt turn round, as if holding back words. She soon does however and when she speaks it is slowly, this is because she does not want an argument so she makes it look as if she is the one in the wrong asking herself a stupid question in her mind. This immediately lowers her status ever so slightly.His reply is harsh and sudden, which doesnt strike her, if anything makes her slightly more frightened, she rubs her hands around each other nervously but subtly, yet still stands tall. You did speak of going, earlier this week. As if reminding him , that she had good reason to think that he might have gone Salem that day.When she tells him that bloody shame Warren had gone that day, she looks at him directly she still does not move her body though, she announces it very clearly.After his reply she has weakened a little, she knew that by apprisal him this it would get to him, now she can see that he is holding back from shouting. This still gives her the upper status. So when she says I couldnt stop her. She shakes her head slightly but still watches him. She then goes on to say how Mary Warren frightened all her strength and power away from her, at this she will step forward, its now that she begins to use her body to express, all the way so far her torso has stayed upright. As she steps forward she looks Proctor in the eye. And she moves her ordnance forward, which shows her weakness breaking through.It is a mouse no more. I forbid her to go, and she raises up her chin like the daughter or a prince and says to me, I moldin ess go to Salem, Goody Proctor, I am an official in the court

Jean Piaget Essay

My own beliefs about early kidhood education argon based upon the knowledge that infantrens growth is developmental. It seems very clear to me that a elevated whole step of voice early childhood program essential provide a safe and nurturing environment which promotes a broad spectrum of support for the childs physical, affectionate, emotional, and cognitive development. I potently agree with the tenets of the National Association for the Education of teen get along withd childrenthat high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available to all children (Bredekamp & Rosegrant, 1992, p. 7).Children under the lift outride of eight bewilder enormous potential for growth and achievement, and it is my belief that they have rights to fulfill their possibilities. A separate statement of the NAEYC divides the concept of appropriateness into two aspectsage appropriateness and individual appropriateness (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 2). This statement coincides with my beli ef that children are unparalleled individuals who may or may not reflect the usual characteristics of other children of their same age. Further more(prenominal), I believe that a developmentally appropriate program for upstart children is correctly tailored to the specifics of each age group.Different ages have different inescapably, interests, and developmental tasks, and the curriculum should reflect those variations. The near effective early childhood curriculum offers creative expression, social and emotional interaction, child-adult communication, child-child communication, physical expression, knowledge acquisition, reasoning practice, risk-taking, and personal autonomy. Early childhood learning happens through play. In this case, play is a life-threatening matter, although it is quite fun to all involved.Children learn by doing and actively participating. When given the opportunity to look, children flourish. They experiment, make choices, achieve strength and a sense of belonging as an effective individual within the context of a collateral, safe group. It is my belief that early childhood learning must happen in an integrated manner. Children of this age are in addition young for rigidly separated subject matter, and the skillful teacher of young children easily integrates the physical, emotional, social, creative, and cognitive areas of early learning.Role of Child as a Learner Johann Pestalozzi and Froebel, two of the earliest professionals in early childhood education, championed the development of the quality of early childhood theory and practice. Pestalozzi contended that young children learn most effectively by doing, by playing, and by interacting with the environmentthe physical world and other children (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p. 4).Early, effective learning happens best in a mixed age group, multi-cultural settings,Froebel, like Pestalozzi, believed that play is of paramount importance in the development of the child, and that th e emotional quality of the childs life (relationship with parents and other significant mint) profoundly permeates the quality of the childs life (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p. 6).Pestalozzi did not particularly formalize his theories and methods, but he had a very good intuitive grasp of the necessity for lyric development, nurturing environments, and healthy relationships for children as a springboard for optimum learning.The child as a learner has cognitive needs, and these vary according to the age of the child. Piaget became famous for his knead in the cognitive domain, and his guidelines of pre-operational thought to more sophisticated abstract thinking are useful for teachers who wish to be careful about not expecting too much from children who are operating at a lower cognitive level (DeVries & Kohlberg, 1987, p. 54). His work was rather theoretical, and others (principally Kamii and DeVries) have expanded Piagets theory to offer its functional usefulness in early childh ood classrooms.The young child learns from the motivation of a need to know, and most early learning takes place in the context of the home and relationship with parents and other family members. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, one of the earliest workers in the area of developmental psychology and psychopathology, believed that childrens learning happens within the framework of the childs activities and is greatly influenced by the society and values of the persons near the child.The entire field of child development hence consists of an endless stream of dialectical conflicts and results, with the resolutions then internalized to form the childs increasingly sophisticated physical and psychological knowledge (Thomas, 1992, p. 322). John Deweys progressive education movement greatly touch on thinking and practice for teachers desiring to arrange an appropriate environment for young learners. Dewey was one of the most influential educational philosophers in the United States in the earl y 1900s and his influence is still felt in the 1990s (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p.6).Dewey and other forward-thinking professionals of his quantify believed that learning should be based upon the childrens interests and that children should be actively involved in their education. Before Deweys time, most classroom activity consisted of teachers instructing passive, obedient listeners. Deweys work provided a solid philosophical basis for early childhood educators who rely to integrate subject matter into whatever the children are actively involved with at the moment.Dewey contended that any kind of life experience is valuable for learning. Dewey was humanistic in his orientation, and his work spoke to the importance of human interest, value, and dignity (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p. 8). Abraham Maslow was one of the first psychologists to emphasize the importance of mixed needs being met before other, higher needs come into focus. He placed the physical needs at the bottom of his needs hierarchy, followed by the need for love and belonging.Physically, children at young ages grow and careen dramatically from year to year, and the alert, educated teacher will firmly grasp the necessity of a balanced program of large muscleman activity, small muscle play, outdoor opportunities for expression of vigorous excess energy, and small motor expressive activity (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 56). Psychologically, children must feel safe before they are able to explore and learn. Children learn through social interaction with adults and other children, and their learning begins with awareness, moving through cycles of exploration, questioning, and application.Vygotsky viewed each childs learning in terms of that childs own ontogenetic development. Each experience of the child comes about as a result of the childs prior experiences of problem-solving and problem resolution (Thomas, 1992, p. 323). Mitchell, a student of John Dewey, also emphasized the necessity of learning within the context of the group. She believed that education for a democratic society begins at a very young age and she placed great importance on young children learning to cooperate and operate within a group (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p. 9).Carl Jung did a great deal of research and writing in the areas of variation of personality types, and his concepts lead us to believe that some individuals do their best work all in all alone, even at a very young age. Carl Rogers also wrote about the importance of the individual contemplative experience. Like Maslow, Rogers as a humanistic psychologist believed in the importance of the human, individual aspect of learning. He saw learning as a change in self-organization. These learnings may be threatening and happen best in a psychologically safe, supportive environment (Rogers, 1969, p.159). Although Rogers work primarily applied to the therapeutic counseling situation, it has great application to anyone dedicated to assisting others learn more about themselves. Role of the Teacher in the Learning Process Carl Rogers also had definite views on the nature of learning and the role of the teacher. He said that population learn by doing and by activities which involve the whole person (Rogers, 1969, p. 162). He contended that the most useful learning is the learning of the process of learning so that practical problems of living in a changing society may find successful solutions.According to Rogers and others who have followed similar philosophies, teachers are guides and facilitators. They set a creative, stimulating, supportive environment which enhances the childs natural curiosity about life around him. The astute early childhood educator provides a variety of activities, objects, events, materials and people which will assist the children in channelling their innate drive to learn. The best teachers are current in the understandings of fads and characters that appeal to young childrentelevision shows, favorite foods, c lothing, and stories that are modern. childlike children tune out adults who simply do not understand current culture. In this way, responsible teachers bring multicultural awareness into the classroom as headspring as information and materials relevant to their own ethnic background. Mixed classrooms provide an excellent opportunity to teach trust, enjoy, pride, appreciation of differences, and orderly group problem-solving (McCracken, 1993, p. 55). The teacher sets the tone for self acceptance and the acceptance of others.The effective early childhood teacher is an active learner, regardless of her own age, and this type of professional engages children in active club with materials that are genuinely interesting to the children. This type of adult extends the childs learning with skillful questioning and acceptance of error through experimentation. The well-versed teacher understands the various levels of cognitive learning, Piagets theories, and Blooms Taxonomy so that childr en are guided and encouraged, but never forced into an intellectual level that is not appropriate.Responsible early childhood teachers respect the individual styles of the students at all times, as well as the various cultures from which they originate. The emotional tone in the best early childhood environments is one of warmth, high self-esteem, and safety. Creative expression is welcomed, even if the forms prove to be highly unusual. Mitchell advocated creative expression of the whole child, through conversation, art, music, dance, and story-telling (McCarthy & Houston, 1980, p. 9). Cooperative learning and family involvement provide large resources for respect among individuals and groups of a variety of different cultures.Skillful teachers in multicultural settings will recognize those values which must be basic (respect for the human trunk and rules for group interaction) and encourage the expression of the varieties and nuances specific to the individual ethnic group (McCra cken, 1993, p. 65). Role of Peers in Learning The National Association for the Education of Young Children strongly advocates the guidance of social-emotional development in the classroom. Teachers have the responsibility for positive modeling, encouraging expected behavior, redirecting inappropriate actions, and setting clear limits.With this type of skilled teaching, children learn the social skills of cooperation, helping, negotiation, and verbal communication. In order for these important social skills to happen, teachers must depart from the traditional modes of instructing, placing children at individual desks, and spending a great deal of time as referee or punisher (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 55). CLASSROOM PRACTICES It is evident from the previous writing that effective teaching requires the logical, ethical translation of teaching philosophy into classroom implementation. some importantly, all activities for young children must be developmentally appropriate to the age (Bredekamp & Rosegrant, 1992). This is true across the board in every subject matter and in every aspect of the childs beingphysical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION In order to be an effective early childhood teacher, I must know my own philosophy, limitations, prejudices, and strengths. In general, I prefer five-year olds, and honestly, I am more comfortable with students of this age who are from my own cultural background.I weight philosophically towards the concepts of Pestalozzi and Froebel as well as the humanistic psychologists who followed in this country. Most of all I strive to provide age-appropriate materials and experiences for the children. References Bredekamp, S. (1987). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Washington, D. C. NAEYC. Bredekamp, S. , & Rosegrant, T. (Editors) (1992). Reaching potentials Appropriate curriculum and assessment for young children, Volume 1. Washin gton, D. C. NAEYC. DeVries, R. , & Kohlberg, L. (1987). Constructivism early education Overview and similarity with other programs Washington, D. C. NAEYC. McCarthy, M. , & Houston, J. (1980). Fundamentals of early childhood education. Cambridge, Massachusetts Winthrop Publishers. McCracken, J. B. (1993). Valuing diversity The primary years. Washington, D. C. NAEYC. Rogers, C. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus, Ohio Merrill. Thomas, R. M. (1992). Comparing theories of child development, Third Edition. Belmont, California Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay

The spirit of this newspaper is to find a sensible attack to pull forwarding motility indisposition in Canadian Naval forces.Management of question infirmity in a naval environment is sincerely of import. The comog of new engineering, assorted gender, multicultural, and sm all gang sizes mean that the effects of motility affection on the cluster straight affects the mission capableness of a modern war vessel.The pathophysiology of mal de mer and movement illness in general form ill downstairsstood. In general, gesture illness is sight to be a miscommunication and noi or so mismatch syndrome. This account does non to the full explicate why weariness occurs in concurrence with gesture illness or why gesture illness is so variable in different individuals under the comparable conditions. ocean affection goat be efficaciously managed utilizing combinations of acidulatespace alteration, non-prescription drugs, prescription drugs, and addiction. There is no 1 comb ination that is univers al bingley effectual neverthe inadequate there is a demand for the practician to stock a good model of when to modify a intervention mode for a peculiar sea province or longanimouss demands.IntroductionModern stations and smaller crews have a high impact when the crew is unable to execute basic and hard maps when they beseem helpless due to gesture illness. Anyone who has of all while treated a patient who is actively or inveterate airsick can sympathize with the patient feeling that they would wish to decease so the mal de mer would trip off. In the Canadian Navy a patient needs to show a history of degenerative mal de mer in order to be moved to a new trade and considered to be for good tough for naval service. This frequently is non make until the member has been to the full trained and can cook dickens to trey nonagenarian ages of drag ining to happen ensuing in a great trade of wretchedness for the patient and a big investing in prune , preparation, and money on the portion of the Canadian Forces.The intent of this paper is to reexamine the pathophysiology of gesture illness and depict an grounds base attack to the direction of mal de mer utilizing both pharmacologic and non pharmacologically based interventions presently addressable to CF Health Services Personnel. It leave behind besides short explore ergonomic alterations to alleviate the symptoms of Motion na manipulationa.With the coming of modern ship devise, crew composing has evolved to hold fewer and really extremely specialised forces responsible for runing the combat platform of today. For illustration, during World War II the crew of a Frigate had 141 forces ( 1 ) who were responsible for the safe subroutine of the ship. The WWII frigate had half the supplanting and far less than half the capableness and engineering of a modern war vessel of a similar cat egory. The crews were all male and chiefly Caucasian.In 2010 a Canadian Patrol Frigate w ith a supplanting of 5235 dozenss has a nominal crew of 180 with 45 transeunt forces for a sum of 225 who atomic number 18 responsible for the c are and operation of the war vessel ( 2 ) . Motion illness can impact anyplace from 1 % to degree centigrade % of a crew depending on conditions and the status of the H2O surface they get on. The much smaller crew who are critical to the direction of combat, ego defence, and life support organizations become helpless and the whole system of a combat platform is affected. ( Find impact of mal de mer on contending effectivity in article )The start of the literature discusses the direction of gesture illness in the condition of short moving-picture shows such as sail ship travel, air travel, and infinite travel.Pathophysiology of gesture illnessArgwal et Al ( 2003 ) . , late reiterated that gesture illness still remains ailing understood and is still by and large thought to be caused by noisome input mismatch ( 3 ) . It is besides the place of this writer that some of the symptoms of gesture illness can non be explained to the full by this place. For illustration why does gesture illness consequence in sickness and emesis and non some other symptoms alternatively? This account besides fails to explicate specifically why gesture illness causes sleepiness. in like manner it fails to explicate the variableness between different topics susceptibility to gesture illness under similar fortunes.Definition of mal de merSeasickness is normally described as a feeling of sickness, tummy consciousness, and unwell while on or in H2O both fresh and salt H2O. This type of gesture illness is considered to be a normal response to the perceptual experience of gesture whether the gesture is existent or non. For illustration, a individual can go ill on the span of a ship in rocky sea or while utilizing a stationary simulator with traveling images on a picture examine even though their organic structure and the platform they are standing on is non traveling.Mal de debarquement SyndromeMal de debarquement Syndrome ( MdDS ) is deserving drawing treatment in this paper as it is a status that affects people who have been exposed to gesture illness arousing stimulations yet they still have gesture illness symptoms after remotion of the stimulation. It has deductions in the scene of a naval environment as it seems to commonly affect in-between age people ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and can be rather enfeebling. CF Health Services Staff may be presented with patients showing with MdDS precondition our aging recruit population, and troubles bring forthing staff for ships ensuing in the employment of more(prenominal) shore based replacement staff particularly in the back uping trade functions. Some of the sure-enough(a) members of the crew of a modern ship may be at hazard for MdDS. The symptoms of MdDS that concern clinicians chiefly are non the transient symptoms that are common for the first few yearss on land after a l ong sail as described by YH Cha et Al ( 4 ) and Gordon et Al ( 6 ) .Patients with MdDS typically present chiefly with a relentless esthesis of gesture after several yearss removal from a gesture that would normally arouse gesture illness ( 4 ) . Other symptoms may include concerns and sensitiveness to eyepiece gesture. The symptoms can last from a few hebdomads to many old ages. Fact-finding testing and rating do non uncover any physical causative factor to explicate the symptoms of the patient ( 4 ) .Death from mal de mer? one history of decease from mal de mer in oil rig catastropheQuestions to be posedWhat are the physiologic effects of purging and mal de mer?What are the effects of moderate mal de mer on operators of complicated machinery?What is the most effectual flair to handle gesture illness on a naval ship?Divers in a hyperbaric chamber at sea. Aircrew at sea.Aircrew?Divers?Ships Crew?Describe the differences between Sea and air and gesture illness.Cruise ship stabilisa tion methods, ship design, human factors.Mythbusters section on gesture illness.TreatmentsDrug Treatments presently in economic consumption in the CF ( 7 )The CF Formulary contains the fol drugs that are indicated in the direction of Motion illness.GravolMany readyings availCommon prescription for direction of mal de merBonamineMeclazine HCL is used. Its monograph provinces in indicants for the usage in the intervention of XXXXX. It was found anecdotally by the writer that it is frequently used and prescribed falsely as one tablet twice daily instead than the sanctioned one to two tablets one time daily in the monograph in some surveies it was besides prescribed as XXXX.Reappraisal of the LiteratureA reappraisal of the literature was done to reply some basic inquiries that would be valuable to explicating an attack to pull offing mal de mer in a naval environment.Can you decease from mal de mer?one decease has beenDoes degree of physical fittingness have an impact on gesture illne ss?Curiously, topics with high degrees of aerophilic fitness study less symptoms of gesture illness plainly have higher rates of patterned advance to purging than topics with lower aerophilic fittingness degrees ( 8 ) . Cheung et Al. ( 9 ) looked at why and concluded that tolerance to vestibular gesture decreases as aerophilic fittingness additions.Does ethnicity or gender have an consequence on gesture illness?It is by and large thought that ethnicity and gender may hold an impact on an person s gesture illness sensitiveness.Klosterhalfen et al. , analyse the consequence of ethnicity and gender on gesture illness susceptibleness ( 10 ) . Specifically they looked at whether gender and cultural ethnicity are interacting. 227 Caucasic and 82 topics of Chinese beginning, both male and female were exposed to malady bring oning organic structure rotary motions in a rotary motion chair. They experienced vanadium exposures of 1 min each with 1 min breaks between exposures. They were i nstructed to shut their eyes and travel their caputs up and down every 6 seconds by an audiotape. Campaigners could discontinue at any clipping and the entire rotary motion clip was noted. Prior to rotary motion, topics were instructed to make full out a Gesture Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire ( MSSQ ) . Individual symptom evaluations were performed at the beginning and terminal of exposure and 15 and 30 min subsequently. The consequences of the survey indicated that the mean rotary motion clip was higher in Caucasic than in Chinese topics. It besides indicated that the rotary motion clip could be predicted from the MSSQ information. The decisiveness of the survey is that gesture illness susceptibleness is affected by both cultural beginning and by gender in a complex manner. The most dependable anticipation of rotary motion could be based on the person s history as assessed by the MSSQ.JE Bos et Al ( 11 ) . observed in the literature that females were 1.4 to 1.7 generation m ore susceptible sea illness and found similar rates in the other dexterity of transit. They found merely 3 studies contradictory of the consequences of the surveies reviewed. After a reappraisal of the ferry and sail ship informations in their survey they concluded that gender has an impact on a individuals susceptibleness to seasickness.Talk more or less the Singapore navy testWhat is the impact of ship design on gesture illness?Dobie ( 12 ) looked at the design of ships and how worlds interact with their sophisticated systems. Whole organic structure quiver, gesture induced weariness and psychological disorder all affect the organic structure and lessening effectivity in a complex machine. He concluded that the human component must be considered in the design of ships at an early mannikin in the procedure. The vas should be considered to be a person-machine that operates as a system and effectual design make an effectual system.Can desensitization derogate effects of gesture illness?What drugs could be used to minimise the effects of mal de mer?There have been many surveies of the medicines that could be used to pull off gestures sickness. This paper lead look at the 1s that are available in Canada. Of note one of the more analyze 1 ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) is dextroamphetamine ( used for terrible symptoms ) and it is non indicated for usage in the direction of gesture illness but shows a batch of promise for terrible symptoms.one field survey on the effectivity of anti-motion illness drugs ( 16 ) found that hyoscine, Antivert, Dramamine, and accupressure in order of effectivity helped riders on a sail from Argentina to the south-polar Peninsula. Again the exposure was merely 3 yearss but the conditions was terrible ( gale force air currents with 9m crestless waves ) .What medicines are available to battle gesture illness in the CF pharmacopeia?DimenhydrinateMeclizineScopalamineDextroamphetamineUse of scopalamineSchupak et al. , canvas the long term effec ts of transdermic hyoscine ( Transderm-V ) to measure its long term effectivity in the bar of mal de mer ( 17 ) . 68 healthy male crew members age 18 to 20 were given a scopolamine disfigurement eight moments onwards each seafaring. Two flecks were applied per hebdomad with an breakup of 24 hours before application of a new spot every 72 hours. Checkups were make every three months over a bound of three old ages. The mean seasickness harshness ( on a graduated table of 0 to 7 ) after six months at sea prior to the spot was 5.64, as compared to 3.14 station application. Significant betterment was besides found in ego evaluated overt presentation at sea while utilizing the spot. Contact dermatitis prevented the usage of transdermic hyoscine in 3 ( 4.4 % ) subjects. The alone(predicate) other important side consequence was waterlessness of the mucose membranes. The entire infix of yearss the topics had been have oning the spot is non mentioned. The writers concluded that trans dermic hyoscine was effectual in the bar of mal de mer and betterment of public presentation at sea during three old ages of followup, everyday application is non complicated either by terrible side effects by public presentation perturbations.How long can you utilize the spot? cite Israeli defense forceSingapore navy tests at sea for scop.Use of ondansetronHerskovitz et al. , studied ondansetron for the bar of mal de mer in susceptible crewmans ( 18 ) . 16 voluntaries with normal physical test findings and no old history of interior ear disease or dizziness took portion in a double-blind randomise crossing over survey. The participants practiced computerize public presentation trials until the consequences were stabilized. Ondansetron 8 atomic number 12 or placebo was administered two hours before sailing aboard a 500 ton naval vas in bats sea conditions. Participants did public presentation testing and completed a questionnaire measuring their illness symptoms four hours into th e ocean trip. The consequence was that there was no statistically important decrease of mal de mer symptoms between the drug intervention and placebo. The decision of this survey is that ondansetron was non found to be good in the intervention of mal de mer.Non medicative interventionsAcupressure and acustimulationMiller and Muth examined the efficaciousness of acupressure and acustimulation for the bar of gesture illness ( 19 ) . Their survey used the Accubanda? and ReliefBanda? G-Jo and acustimulation contrivance to excite the Neiguan ( P6 ) acupuncture mind. Their topics were assigned to one of five groups Accubanda? trained or primitive ReliefBanda? trained or untrained or placebo. Subjects were exposed to 20 min baseline period and 20 min of optokinetic membranophone rotary motion. The untrained topics read the device waies used as they felt eliminate so completed a usability analysis after membranophone exposure. Trained topics read the device waies and so were trained to utilize device and so had their exposures. The topic symptoms and stomachic myoelectric activity were monitored during the baseline and membranophone rotary motion periods. There were 77 topics, 19 work forces and 61 adult females, runing from the 18 to 27 old ages of age. In this survey the symptoms of gesture illness and stomachic myoelectric activity increased in all groups taking the research workers to reason that the lone existent difference between conditions was a hold in oncoming of symptoms for ReliefBanda? compared to Accubanda? .This survey demonstrated that no G-Jo, acustimulation, or placebo intervention eliminated the symptoms of gesture illness. The ReliefBanda? while potentially detaining the symptoms would merely be good for short periods of clip if at all. This research was conducted in the lab and non a shipboard environment over an drawn-out period of clip.Bertolucci et Al. conducted in oceangoing survey with a little group of nine voluntaries off the seasho re of San Francisco quest ( 20 ) . Their decision was that gesture illness symptoms were suppressed by the usage of an acustimulation device. His group size was little and needs to be demonstrated with the larger group.GingerErgonomic alterationsPositioning of watchkeeping StationssChair make-up soppy skylinesINTRAVENOUS TherapyDiscussionColwell ( 21 ) identified five human factors technology rules in the direction of gesture illness 1. Locate critical Stationss near the ship s effectual centre of rotary motion 2. decrease caput motions 3. Align operators with a rule axis of the ship s hull 4. Avoid tick together provocative beginnings and5. Supply and external frame of mention. Head motion in concurrence with gesture contributes to motion sickness esthesis as can be demonstrated by the surveies performed by Miller ( 19 ) , Cheung et Al ( 22 ) , and others. If this is the instance so more often used proctors and input devices should be placed in forepart of watchkeepers so t hat vigorous caput motions need non be employed to keep effectual watchkeeping. Besides by adding a high backed chair with a head restraint you have the special(a) input of the skin centripetal contact of the dorsum of the chair and caput to assist antagonize the anxious input mismatch.If nervous input mismatch contributes significantly to gesture illness symptomology ( 3 ) ( 2 ) it seems that it would be sensible to add stimulations that would assist screen out the mismatch . For illustration, on modern war vessels everything is tied, bolted down, or otherwise secured so that it does non travel. This is to forestall harm or hurt from motion at an inopportune clip such as an detonation or utmost maneuvering. This besides leads to no ocular stimulation of motion for the crew thereby increasing input mismatch. Addition of unreal skylines within the field of vision of the crew has the possible to minimise this consequence. These could be a simple as a twine with a incubus on it or a balance beam ( unreal skyline ) with subdued illuming on it.This is an rude that could be studied in more deepnessThe literature on the usage of ginger for gesture illness is mixedas to it s efficaciousness for sickness and tummy consciousness . There does non look to be a good survey that would compare the effectivity of ginger on the type of terrible, long term exposure to gesture that would formalize ginger as an effectual gesture illness counterpoison for naval personel. It would be interesting to set together a fit test in a realistic environment and set this issue to rest for naval forces.DecisionSeasickness and related gesture provoked sickness are a complicated issue that requires effectual direction in the face of assorted gender, multi-ethnic, little crew sizes on modern Canadian war vessels.Seasickness has been looked at extensively in the context of comparatively short exposures both on land in the lab environment, and at sea. More work remains to be done on the folgather grounds of efficaciousness of medicines used to pull off MSickness in the field.gather grounds of efficaciousness of desensitisation as a direction tool in the fieldExpression at the efficaciousness of unreal skylines in work Stationss.Given the grounds presented in the literature, it is likely that the undermentioned protocol would be an effectual program to pull off a patient with mal de mer on a naval shipa. patient nowadayss with known gesture illness history.1 usage gravol xx milligram twenty hours prior to exposure. keepMild moderate terribleManagement of mal de mer demands to take into history the sea province, the length of the needed exposure to gesture, the badness of unwellness in the patient and the occupations they are indispensable to execute as portion of their responsibilities at sea.Pharmaceutical direction of mal de mer demands to include the disposal of an appropriate anti emetic good in progress of exposure when possible, so that the drug is absorbed b efore the subsequent emesis prevents equal soaking up of medicine to forestall the more terrible symptoms of mal de mer. emblem 1 lists the medicines available to practicians in the CF.Combination of medicine is indicated when one medicine entirely fails to pretermit symptoms adequately.The hyoscine readyings are the standard by which most anti gesture illness medicines are evaluated against. most surveies involved in measuring medicines for forestalling seasickness include a scopolamine readying of some kind. Scopolamine spots used by the Canadian Forces need to be applied right and proper manus rinsing completed after application to forestall inadvertent contact with conjunctiva and the end point blurry vision and uncomfortableness to the patient. Scopolamine spots may be used efficaciously for long periods of clip ( 17 ) ( 23 ) but should be discontinued when possible to let the patient to use to gesture. When utilizing spots for long periods of clip it is sensible to wait 24 hrs before using a new spot ( 17 ) and sites should be rotated between L and R mastoid procedure.More research is required to measure direction of gesture illness with respect to assorted gender, multi-ethnic crews, with long gesture exposures on naval ships. The bulk of information in the literature associating to female mal de mer is based on retrospective questionnaire based surveies of sail ship riders on reasonably short sails.It would be interesting and valuable to look at a survey of the impact of mal de mer on job/mission public presentation of the smaller maritime Coastal Defence Vessel ( MCDV ) Fleets and the larger Patrol Frigates ( CPF ) and Destroyer Fleets on both seashores now that the crews of all these fleets are much more diverse than the last clip this was looked at by Colwell in 1989 ( 21 ) .How does Mal de debarquement syndrome tantrum into the gesture illness spectrum?Cha ( 4 ) , and Parker ( 5 ) took a retrospective expression at instances of MdD in an effort to quantify its natual history and clinical characteristics ( 4 ) and suggest a class of intervention to get down with ( 5 ) .Notes Cha ( 4 ) 64 patients in the survey basically normal test and trials-boat travel the most common trigger ( 81 % of instances looked at )-median age at first onslaught was 38yo and 75 % were femaleFigure 1 Drugs available in CF H Svc Formulary ( 7 ) shown to be effecive in the direction of Motion Sickness.DrugDrug Identification Number ( DIN )Time interval required prior to exposureRecommended dosageDose frequenceNotesDoseDextroamphetamine 2 5mg000019245161-2 hour5-10 milligramq 4-6 HParticular mandate required through CFDEC 3 10mg0000192455915mg00001924567Dimenhydrinate1-2 hour50-100 milligramq 4-6 HMultiple readyings availMeclizine25mg002204422 hour25-50 milligramq 6-24hWhen current supply depleted will no longer be available/manufactured for CanadaPromethazine25mg/ml inj000005751781.5 2 hour25 milligramq 4-6 hour25mg unwritten00000575178Scopolamine Patch1.5mg ( 1 milligram delivered over three yearss ( 24 ) )8 hourOne spot behind earChange every 72 hourTransDerm V

How to Motivate Employees

In todays world managers face challenge in making employees perform his or her travail efficiently. Employee mirth is utmost important in successful mop up of work in an organization. For profession satisfaction apart from monetary value job demand is important. apiece person has different motivation for working. rough people work for money, well-nigh work for experience and almost may work since they have love life towards they do. However whatever be the personal causes for job motivation may be the bottom beginning fact is that everyone works for money, whatever it may be called compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration.But money is not the sole factor to motivate an employee towards the work. For example manager might emergence salary or may wee bonus to an employee nevertheless it may not motivate the employee, precedent is that unless and until the employee is satisfied with his or her job he would not be dedicated towards the job. Managers gathe r up to think of sophisticated ways to motivate employees. When an employee achieves something managers need to cast off recognition and praise the same. It helps if he/she acknowledges the performance of the employee in preceding of the entire work force in the blank space.Awarding appreciation certificate, Keep it Up notes on a regular basis helps a statute mile to keep an employee engaged, which monetary benefits may not achieve. These acts as recognition and matter of pride for the employee. Recognition merchantman be given at meetings or company-sponsored social gatherings, office lunches, outbound etc. Employers corporation get to an employee unusedsletter to shargon updates and recognition. They may also post a bulletin board for employees to share news, hobbies, and recognition.Managers need to hold periodical staff meetings and should communicate openly with the employees. unitary to one coaching is important for move development. Employees need to know what is po tentially ahead for them, what opportunities there are for growth. Regular monitoring process should be done to set the career path for the employee. Employees are man beings so managers need to treat them patiently. Employers can congratulate the employees on life events such as new babies and can wish them on their birthdays, spousals anniversary, Diwali and Christmas by giving them cards.Managers can call an employee into office but to say thank you without discussing any separate issue. If any task is fulfilled by the employee, managers can import a thank you card or e-mail. They may send a card to the employees spouse/family thanking them for their support. Employers should deliver employees for an informal lunch and dinner one time a week. Managers should call for frequent parties to motivate the employee throughout the year. This leave behind create a bond of togetherness among the employees.Employers should authorise employees understand that how much he or she is i mportant option for the organization and if possible should arrange some interaction with the companys customers. These non-monetary ways motivations are minute acts on the part of management but they make huge impact on an employees job career. Apart from getting attracted towards money when an employee is motivated to do his or her job then only a sense of bonding and high levels of allegiance is developed and an employee thus will perform efficiently.How to Motivate EmployeesIn todays world managers face challenge in making employees perform his or her task efficiently. Employee satisfaction is utmost important in successful completion of work in an organization. For job satisfaction apart from monetary value job motivation is important. Each person has different motivation for working. Some people work for money, some work for recognition and some may work since they have passion towards they do. However whatever be the personal causes for job motivation may be the bottom li ne fact is that everyone works for money, whatever it may be called compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration.But money is not the sole factor to motivate an employee towards the work. For example manager might increase salary or may give bonus to an employee but it may not motivate the employee, reason is that unless and until the employee is satisfied with his or her job he would not be dedicated towards the job. Managers need to think of innovative ways to motivate employees. When an employee achieves something managers need to give recognition and praise the same. It helps if he/she acknowledges the performance of the employee in front of the entire work force in the office.Awarding appreciation certificate, Keep it Up notes on a regular basis helps a mile to keep an employee engaged, which monetary benefits may not achieve. These acts as recognition and matter of pride for the employee. Recognition can be given at meetings or company-sponsored social gatherings, o ffice lunches, outbound etc. Employers can create an employee newsletter to share updates and recognition. They may also post a bulletin board for employees to share news, hobbies, and recognition.Managers need to hold periodical staff meetings and should communicate openly with the employees. One to one coaching is important for career development. Employees need to know what is potentially ahead for them, what opportunities there are for growth. Regular monitoring process should be done to set the career path for the employee. Employees are human beings so managers need to treat them patiently. Employers can congratulate the employees on life events such as new babies and can wish them on their birthdays, marriage anniversary, Diwali and Christmas by giving them cards.Managers can call an employee into office just to say thank you without discussing any other issue. If any task is fulfilled by the employee, managers can write a thank you card or e-mail. They may send a card to the employees spouse/family thanking them for their support. Employers should take employees for an informal lunch and dinner once a week. Managers should call for frequent parties to motivate the employee throughout the year. This will create a bond of togetherness among the employees.Employers should make employees understand that how much he or she is important resource for the organization and if possible should arrange some interaction with the companys customers. These non-monetary ways motivations are small acts on the part of management but they make huge impact on an employees job career. Apart from getting attracted towards money when an employee is motivated to do his or her job then only a sense of bonding and high levels of commitment is developed and an employee thus will perform efficiently.