Ensure a Safe Workplace Essay

Chemicals purchase large quantities of cleaning chemicals. These are delivered in 205 liter drums and include solvents, acids and other corrosives, and detergents. These products are decanted by ABC chemical’s staff into retail size containers (not exceeding 30 liters/kilograms) , re-labelled and shipped in company-badged delivery vehicles to retail outlets throughout the metropolitan area. There is, within 25 meters of ABC chemical, a local nursing home that cares for elderly residents with age-related conditions including dementia. Across the road from the nursing home is a child care center that provides day care for the under 5’s. ABC chemicals employs some 50 people whose duties include the day-to-day running of the business and decanting of the chemicals into smaller containers. Small spills during the decanting procedures are cleaned up with rags, which are disposed of at the end of the day into the general waste dumpster in the rear yard of the premises. The dumpster is collected by a waste contractor on a weekly basis. The ABC chemicals building was constructed in 2000 and has been fitted with limited emergency equipment. None of the staff has received any training in safe handling of chemicals or how to cope with emergencies and there is no emergency plan displayed in the workplace. ABC chemicals is situated on a busy intersection and there have been several significant vehicle accidents in front of the premises. All empty chemicals drums are stored in the rear yard against the back cyclone fence. These drums are collected on monthly basis and as many as 250 drums can be stored there awaiting collection. Behind the cyclone fence is a large open, overgrown paddock with dry grass, which is owned by the local council. The council has advised ABC chemicals that they wish to build a community center on this site at some time in the near future.

Management of Human Resources

HR.com is one of the free websites which connect companies around the country with innovative HR practices and solutions. The advantages of the web site are careful selection of information and categories, unique design and easy registration. Taking into account the design if the webpage it is possible to say that it represents the best way to convey the essence of any information. In other words, it is balance between graphics and text and even the quality and style of language and expression also important tool which form social identity. The disadvantage of the site is that it is to navigate and find necessary information at once. The site has a search engine but it does not find all articles and ‘pages’ available on the site. This website thrives because it offers its participants exchange of common interests; a sense of place with codes of behavior; the development of stimulating dialogues; encouragement for active participation by more than an exclusive few. The great emphasis is placed on conceptual ability, and proportionately. Both the content and possibility of forming relationships with buyers and with the managers act as a magnet, drawing visitors back to the site on a frequent and regular basis. The web site covers main social issues and news in order to attract potential consumers and deliver high service quality. Also, they propose answers to the important questions for every business and life: economic conditions and quotes, HR innovations and solutions (HR.com Home Page 2007). The coolest thing about HR.com is Blogging Community. It includes overview of member blog contributions and their research results, articles on different topics and discussions. The coolest thing about www.shrm.com is a-z index which helps to find necessary information or person. The coolest thing about www.workforce.com is a â€Å"news in brief† section which highlights the main events and current news. The coolest thing about Prospera is a 30 day free trial for potential buyers. On www.hr.com, I dislike two animated videos (advertisements) which spoil impression about the site. They move all the time and it is really difficult to concentrate on a particular subject or information. Student membership is available on this site. Guest membership is free but Individual and Student Membership Level requires fees (from $50 up to $299 US/per year). In general, HR.com fulfils three major functions: it helps to make choices, makes possible relationships with others, and gives strength and resilience. References HR.com Home Page (2007). Retrieved 09 September 2007, from www.hr.com                                          

British Company Woolworth And Causes Of Its Failure Marketing Essay

British Company Woolworth And Causes Of Its Failure Marketing Essay The British Company, Woolworths is normally categorized as a variety store dealing in retailing of a range of varying products. Historically it was established as a subsidiary of an American Company F.W. Woolworth &Co, in 1879 by Frank Winfield Woolworth It was incorporated in England on 23rd July, 1909 as private limited company with initial capital of 50,250 pound sterling. It, first time floated a new idea of selling all the products at a cost not more than five cents. This idea gained popularity amongst the customers resulting in fast growth of the subsidiary. Its first shop at Liverpool attracted about 60,000 people in first two days because of attractive one penny, three penny and six penny products put at sale. It continued to open new shops at various cities that attracted heavy rush of customers and visitors. It was company’s policy to purchase the products directly from manufacturers, who also were very happy due to momentum in their business as well. Some of the ma nufacturers started doing business solely with the Woolworths and labeled their products with the company’s name. Company’s business grew day by day and it had 31 shops in United Kingdoms by the year, 1914. Due to inflationary trends after the World War II, the company had to do away with its three pence and six pence price limits. It introduced self service first time in its retail side in the year 1955. Woolworth opened about 190 self-service stores by the year 1970. It created new division in the stores by establishing Woolco departmental stores in the year 1966. These stores had full range of quality products like, clothes, groceries, car service and restaurants etc. available at affordable prices. (WGP 2007: Fu 2007) The Company continued to flourish very fast because of its stated aim to remain at the customer’s heart and best kid’s retailer till 1966. But thereafter its sales as well as profits started falling because of its competitors, Marks & Sp encer who overtook its sales as well as profits. The results of the company were the worst in the year 1969, because it failed to chalk out suitable strategies necessary to take on its competitors in the market. Sales at Woolworth began to decline. Consumers were reportedly not satisfied with the quality of customer services of the company. Many of the business sites were not at prime locations. Its new products could not attract the customers because of lack of well trained staff and availability of ‘A class service’. The company tried to improve its services in the year 1971 by introducing new system of centralized payments besides closing its 23 unprofitable shops, as an attempt to trade up. The profits of the company increased to some extent as a result of these measures but it failed to boost up its profits at the desired level. (WGP 2007: Peston 2008) The competitors of Woolworth like Wal-Mart, Argos and Next very soon became more prevalent in the market because o f low prices, better service and vast range of their products. The Management of the company ultimately decided to sellout the Woolco stores in 1977. In the year 1981 it sold-out some of its valuable prime located properties to cover-up the losses suffered by the shops situated at these locations. Even then its profits went down in the said year and the company was forced to cut the dividends first time since its establishment. In the normal restructuring process during the year 1985, the company decided to abandon the sale of food and adult clothing that was contributing about 30% of its overall sales. The Management of the company sold out its 200 unprofitable shops out of about 990, during the years 1982-1991. During this decade company made a number of acquisitions in order to become more diversified in retail business. It launched Music and Video Club that specialized in CDs, videos and other entertainment products. The company succeeded in boosting its sales and turnover durin g 1990s and gave impressive results despite the fact that some of major chains like Wilkinson expanded their business in the Woolworth areas. (FRANCE 2008)

The empirical relationship between accounting disclosure and stock Dissertation

The empirical relationship between accounting disclosure and stock market return using portfolio analysis and managerial behavio - Dissertation Example The rapid advances in technology and communication have provided instant access of news on companies and capital markets to investors through mediums such as the Internet and television (Mayer, 2003). Thus, information is now analyzed by investors in a matter of minutes or seconds and decisions on stock investments are taken much more frequently. Companies disclose information on their performance or other aspects through various mediums such as earnings reports, corporate communications and management interviews (Weston, 2009). The investor base is constantly on the lookout for any new information from such events that may help them increase their returns or reduce their risk exposure (Schillhofer, 2008). Based on these factors, it is believed that an empirical relationship exists between accounting disclosures of firms and the performance of related stocks in the market. The paper analyzes the potential existence of such an empirical relationship among companies within the Gulf Coo peration Council (GCC) region by using a numerical analysis on historical information on related parameters. Schillhofer (2008) has shown that earnings disclosures have a direct influence on investor preferences that determine the prices and returns from traded securities. Since then, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the relationship between corporate disclosures and the performances of securities related to the target firms. While this strong relationship is demonstrated among firms based in the developed and western economies, behavior demonstrating the relationship between accounting disclosures and stock returns is rather sparse and relatively unexplored among firms based in Oman and other countries belongings to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). This paper is an attempt to provide some further investigation into this phenomenon with a specific focus on the firms based out of the GCC member countries. McCahery (2007) believes that research exploring the val ue of information disclosed through annual reports and other corporate disclosures for investment analysis and valuation purposed has been rather limited in nature. This however leads one to question the importance of accounting disclosures and why they are so avidly analyzed by investors. Hirschey (2009) have conducted elaborate surveys of investors and investment analysts and have arrived at a broad consensus over the relevance and importance of the target company’s financial statements, footnotes, Management discussions & analysis (MD & A) as well as the various accounting assumptions and estimates of the company. For example, the release of financial statements and accounts is followed by the annual general meeting (AGM), which in the opinion of Ang (2008) perhaps offers the only opportunity for investors to understand the company’s management, their behavior and their practices to improve the sustainability and prospects of the business. However, Heinrich (2006) c onducted some analytical studies in this regard only to conclude that such meetings did not generally evoke a collective and unilateral reaction from the market. According to Weston (2009), the extent of information available in the market about a company is directly related to the range of disclosures made public by the organization as well as the extent to which the company’s stock is followed by intermediaries such as financial analysts and brokers. Thus, most

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE Dissertation

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE 3-5 IN THE EARLY YEARS SETTING - Dissertation Example The various challenges to outdoor were cited as academic focus, lack of time and initiative on the part of parents and availability if indoor distractions like TV, video-games etc. The observational research concluded that the observed children’s outdoor play activities developed, changed and became more innovative, creative and at times gender specific over the period of observation. The findings also showed that there were positive gains like increased communications and interactions with others, increased initiative to participate in activities and increased awareness of the self and environment. These findings therefor indicate that social development is affected by outdoor play and hence there is a need to develop curriculum to increase participation. Additionally, the research also comments on the lack of awareness about the social benefits among the parents and makes recommendations for developing programs for educating them. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction In troduction Introduction and Research Background Research Questions Research Aims Research Strategy Research Significance Chapter 2: Literature Review A Historical Perspective The Value of Play for Young Children’s Social Development Outdoor Play and Social Development Stages and Levels of Outdoor Play Challenges with Outdoor Play Chapter 3: Methodology Research Methodology-Introduction Methodology and Research Process Sample Pilot Testing and Assessing Validity Administration Ethical considerations Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis Introduction Findings A: Survey of Parents and Teachers Findings B: Interview of Parents and Teachers Findings C: Findings from Observational Research Chapter 5: Conclusion List of Figures and Tables Figure1: Teacher’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 2: Parent’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 3: Teachers’ Safety Concerns Figure 5: Teachers’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Pl ay Figure 6: Parents’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Play Figure 7: Teachers’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 8: Parents’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 9: Teachers’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 10: Parents’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 11: Teachers’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 12: Parents’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 13: Teachers’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Figure 14: Parents’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Table 1: Perception of the Essential Time To be Spent in Outdoor Play Table 2: Safety Concerns related to Outdoor Play Table 3: Perceptions of Differential Benefits of Outdoor and Indoor Play Table 4: Benefits of Outdoor Play Table: 5: Outdoor Play Activities Leading to Social Development Table 6: Factors Responsible for Lack of Outdoor Play Table 7: Recommended Actions to Increase Outdoor Play List of Appendices Appendix A: Questionnaire for parents and teachers Apendix B: Interview Questionnaire Appendix C: Observation criteria Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction This chapter contains the introduction and background of the research and explains

Econ Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Econ Questions - Essay Example Pugelovia will export rice and import cloth. 9.b. An increase in endowment of capital would result in a production-possibility curve that is biased toward machinery or production of large volume of machinery. The large volume of machinery produced is due to the effect of more clothing being given up in order to produce machineries. 9.e. US national well being may decline as a result of the increase in endowment of capital. As the capital/labour ratio in the international sector declines, the wages in the US would decrease causing a declining income for workers. 3. A tariff would increase the production output domestically. When a country imposes tariff, the domestic price of the product would increase in order to include the tariff. Local producers who do not pay the import tariff would have an incentive to increase their output in order to exploit the higher domestic price. The tariff would give domestic producers extra surplus on all the goods they would have produced even without the tariff plus smaller net gains on additional sales. Graphically, the domestic supply would increase from point J to point C, when tariff is imposed. The production effect is the area ABCJ. The production effect is computed by { = [q1*t] + [(q2 – q1)*t/2]] 4. A tariff would decrease the consumption domestically. When a country imposes tariff, the domestic price would increase such that consumer demand will decline due to higher price. The tariff costs consumers both the full tariff on every goods they continue to buy and the net enjoyment on goods they would have bought at the lower tariff-free price but do not buy at the higher price that includes the tariff. Graphically, the domestic demand would decrease along the demand curve from point H to point F, when tariff is imposed. The consumption effect is the area ABFH. The consumption effect is computed by { = [q3*t] + (q4 – q3)*t/2] 5. Imposing a tariff high

Criminal Law. Analyse the circumstances where liability for omissions Essay

Criminal Law. Analyse the circumstances where liability for omissions may arise - Essay Example However, there are special cases where the law specifies that a person act in order to save a situation failure of which results in criminal liability. Proponents of this type of legislations argue that the law should not bind people to help others since such a situation restricts people’s independence. Example: Tom was driving to town on a rainy afternoon, after driving for more than thirty minutes his car began heating up and huge white smoke began billowing from the bonnet of his car. Luckily, for him, the car had broken down some few meters to a bridge. He therefore alighted from his car and took a five litre water bottle which he had never travelled without from the trunk of his car and followed a small footpath that lead to the stream to fetch some water which could help cool his engine. He got to the stream, filled his container with the cold water, and began the short walk to where he had parked his car. However, a few meters from the riverbank, Tom heard hysterical sc reams emanating from the river, he turned and drowning in the river was a little boy probably seven years old. He immediately dived into the river without considering his actions, unfortunately, Tom had never swam before in a flowing water and it is only until he got into the water that he realized that he had made a mistake. He managed to grab the boy but the strength from the water current the weight of the boy overpowered him and before long, they were both drowning. It thus became a survival of the fittest situation; the boy was still alive and therefore held on to Tom tightly without letting go. Tom was fast losing breadth and he therefore needed to act swiftly to save his life or else they would both drown. In a sharp turn, he pushed the boy away from and fortunately managed to hold onto a root a few meters off the riverbank. The push from Tom combined with the strength of the water waves to give the boy a powerful thrust into a rock. The boy knocked his head and bled to death instantly. Just then, a group of young divers who had been tracing the boy from upstream arrived and one of the saw Tom push the boy away from him. They later removed the body from the water but a legal tussle was just to begin. Analysis The liability of omission begins when one decides to help in a desperate situation and later acts carelessly thereby causing a loss. In such a situation, the victim takes responsibility for his careless action. The law had not compelled Tom to try and save the boy, he could have simply looked at the young boy drown and continued with his business. In such a situation, he is acquitted from any liability since the law does not impose acts of humanity on the population. Had he left, Tom could have continued with his journey to the town and could not have answered to either the group of divers or the police. Additionally, should he have made a formal police report, he could have only been considered as responsible citizen and might therefore have appea red in the court only as a witness and helped the police with investigations to the best of his account of the event. The law does not command compulsory aid unless in special situations. By jumping into the water in an attempt to save the boy, Tom takes full responsibility of the boy and his subsequent acts of carelessness eventually result in the death of the boy. Immediately he jumps into the water, Tom

The Multicultural Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Multicultural Marketing - Essay Example Today almost all major corporations are actively marketing their products beyond their original homeland borders. Infact the issue is generally not whether to market a brand in other countries or to target multiple audience but rather â€Å"how to do it† (as the same product with the same â€Å"global† advertising campaign, or â€Å"tailored† products and localized ads for each country). Today, marketers are much more aware of the significant opportunity that the varying demographic groups present. What's more, they realize that they can no longer afford to neglect the combined buying power of ethnic Americans who, according to estimates, make up $1.3 trillion, or 18.5%, of all US buying. To appeal to these highly lucrative and diverse audiences, marketers are abandoning traditional mass-marketing practices in favor of laser-focused, multicultural marketing efforts. This paper is discussing following points: 1. Understanding what is multicultural marketing? 2. Ways in which ethnicity can be incorporated into marketing strategy. 3. Presenting steps that how a marketer can reach its diverse customers in best possible way. 4. Importance of marketing for multicultural audience, and the benefits and advantages from being unique marketers for multicultural audience. ... This paper although focuses on cross-cultural marketing, the discussion is at the level of the individual nation-state rather than marketing between countries. In multicultural societies the composition of the population can be highly culturally diverse, comprising many ethnic groups which necessitate a cross cultural approach to marketing strategy and management as suggested by Rugimbana and Nwanko (2003). Here it is important to highlight the importance of ethnicity in marketing in multicultural societies or as WiLkison and Cheng (1999: 106) refer to it â€Å"international marketing at home. TECHNIQUES FOR MULTICULTURAL MARKETING: According to Tharp (2001), decision-makers in organizations in multicultural markets should have the skill of â€Å"border mentality† — identifying multiple situational-cultural meanings, or should perform the role of transmigrants† — bridging or overlapping agents among two or more subcultures. In order to be broad minded foll owing techniques should be adopted: 1) To spot patterns that allow subcultures to be grouped together, so that a common marketing Strategy may be extended to several subcultures in a group (â€Å"transcultural† marketing); 2) To develop a distinct marketing strategy for each subculture, if there is a significantly distinct cultural dimension that is important to the specific culture (multicultural marketing); 3) To further segment audiences in a subculture, if needed, in terms of cultural affinity, cultural identity or acculturation level (tactical adaptation within a subculture); 4) To develop parameters of culturally acceptable marketing stimuli; and 5) to establish a protocol for measuring cultural effectiveness of the stimuli. THE MOST CRITICAL ISSUES FACED BY MANAGERS   The critical issues are defined

Review Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review Questions - Assignment Example The remainder is uncollectible. The following are the budgeted sales: 3) Micro Company plans to sell 12,000 units during August. If the company has 2,500 units on hand at the start of the month, and plans to have 2,000 units on hand at the end of the month, how many units must be produced during the month? Four pounds of raw materials are required for each unit produced. Raw materials on hand at the start of the year total 4,000 pounds. The raw materials inventory at the end of each quarter should equal 10% of the next quarter’s production needs. Budgeted purchases of raw materials in the third quarter would be: 5) The Broom Corporation is working on its direct labor budget for the next two months. Each unit of output requires 0.05 direct-labor hours. The direct labor rate is $7.50 per direct labor hour. The production budget calls for producing 9,100 units in May and 8,800 units in June. If the direct labor work force is fully adjusted to the total direct labor hours needed each month, what would be the total combined direct labor cost for the two months? 6) MRI bases its manufacturing overhead budget on budgeted direct labor hours. The direct labor budget indicates that 5400 direct labor hours will be required in January. The variable overhead rate is $4.40 per direct labor hour. The company’s budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead is $77,220 per month, which includes depreciation of $9,720. All other fixed manufacturing overhead costs represent current cash flows. The January cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead on the manufacturing overhead budget should be: 7) The manufacturing overhead budget for Fanasta Company is based on budgeted direct labor hours. The direct labor budget indicates that 1,600 direct labor hours will be required in December. The variable overhead rate is $4.40 per direct labor hour. The company’s budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead is $25,120 per month, which includes appreciation of

Research Methods in Education (Topic Question undecided) Essay

Research Methods in Education (Topic Question undecided) - Essay Example A quantitative study conducted on 415 students and 83 teachers in public schools in the US revealed that students and teachers in schools with uniform policies generally felt safer, had higher self-esteem and more positive attitudes toward school climate, than students and teachers in public schools where no uniform policies were in place (Wade & Stafford, 2003). A study conducted by Gottfredson and Gottfredson (2001) involving 848 school principals in the US indicate that one of the main activities that schools implement to improve student behaviour and academic outcomes is to improve school climate. Implementing mandatory school uniform policies have been a subject of much discussion with increasing interest in its relationship to improved school climate. It has been suggested that the mere implementation of a school uniform policy at the very least symbolizes a school’s commitment to school climate change and this perception alone improves student outlook and performance (Brunsma & Rockquemore, 1998). Brunsma and Rockquemore (2003) observe however that with all the interest in the link between school uniform policies and school climate and the importance of school climate to student behaviour, safety and academic achievement, research on the significance of school uniform is sorely lacking. Much of the research is purely theoretical or uses flawed methods. Therefore, more research is needed on the implications and effectiveness of mandatory school uniforms (Brunsma & Rockquemore, 2003). This proposed research will thus fill a gap in the literature by examining and analysing the extent to which a mandatory school uniform policy effects perceptions of school climate. It is anticipated that this research will provide empirical evidence of student and teachers’ perception of school uniform and its relationship to school climate and will identify areas for further

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Essay William Golding’s Lord of the Flies follows the tale of a group of boys stranded on an isolated desert island, after their plane crashed. It takes place during an unspecified nuclear war; which was a major threat post WWII. Throughout the book Golding explores how a difficult situation can transform middle class English boys into having a much more savage nature, as well as splitting the ‘good’, from the ‘bad’. By the end of chapter 1, Ralph and Piggy have already formed some sort of order, and by the time Jack and his choir are introduced, Ralph is already being looked up to by the other boys; especially the younger ones, or â€Å"littluns†. Jack appears, and instantly attempts to take over Ralph’s role and enforce his power by ordering his choir about as though he should be chief. The choir at first appears orderly and immaculately dressed, soon after this they are addressed as ‘hunters’, and due to the heat strip down their uniform, which causes them to look much less civilised. This also happens with the other boys in their school uniforms. The transformation of the choir marks a significant loss of order from the boys former lives. This could also symbolise the first step in a slow change towards savagery on the island and influence the behaviour of others. Soon after the arrival on the island a clear hierarchy is visible with leaders such as Ralph and Jack on top closely followed by Simon and the other â€Å"bigguns† with â€Å"littluns† and Piggy being at the bottom; having to accept insults and jeers from the other children, especially Jack, who seems to house a special hatred for piggy from chapter one. Near the beginning of the book Ralph and Piggy find a Conch horn near the platform where they have their meetings. The â€Å"conch† as it is then refered to, is a major aspect in the rest of the book as it brings all the kids together, (â€Å"we can use it to call the others! ). The conch could also be seen as a symbol of power and a link back to authority and their families; it is very unlikely that the other kids would look up to ralph without the conch, â€Å"and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. † Shortly after finding the conch horn and prenouncing Ralph as chief, Jack, Simon and Ralph, decide to go on an expedition up the mountain, which will play a major part later in the book, as it is where they have several meetings, maintain the fire and cook. In chapter 2, the idea of ‘the beastie’ is introduced, by an unknown ‘littlun’. Not only does this idea scare him, but also all of the other smaller kids, and to a point , the ‘biguns’ as well. This symbolises, not only to us, but the kids as well, that the island might not be all good, and they might not only be having fun as they thought they would. Other subtle words and phrases used, such as â€Å"harsh cry† may also be a sign of events to come. The fact that the unknown boy who died in the forest fire would have been a massive shock to all of them. Not only is it the shock of someone actually dieing, but it is also the antipode of what they are used to, being safe at home. It might also slam the realization that they are in fact stranded. In the beginning of chapter 3, Jack’s â€Å"obsession† with hunting is clearly apparent, right from the start. It describes him like an animal, â€Å"Jack was bent double†¦ His nose only a few inches from the humid earth†¦ bolting and nearly mad† However, like in the first chapter with the pig, he is still unable to kill. This is probably on of the most frustrating aspects for Jack, whereas Ralph and Simon think from an entirely different angle, with the fact that they should build shelters and find fresh water, rather than eat meat. In chapter 4, Jack manages to don a mask which allows him to behave in a much more animalistic way, finally allowing him to kill; however it is also a massive step towards total savagery. Towards this point in the book, all of the kids are starting to behave in a much more savage manner. Jack’s change in behaviour comes from the first killing of the pig which engulfs the entire group and encourages them into savage behaviour. By painting their faces, they are able to kill and perform awful acts which they would have never considered doing at home due to feeling like different people. With the masks, and the change of personality that it brings, they also behave much more aggressively, â€Å"Kill the Pig! Bash her in! Slit her throat! † Even to the reader, this seems totally crazy and disrespecting of life. Jack especially changes his behaviour out of all of them. After the first kill, it’s obvious that all of his frustration is let go and the taboo of killing is lifted; he also acts a lot more aggressively, even without the addition of the mask. As in the beginning of the book, when they were planning to build shelters and houses, they now plan to kill a pig every day, even they were lucky to find one, and it took seven of them to catch it. Jack’s evolving hatred towards Piggy is probably due to the fact that Jack is such a different character to Piggy so he might not be used to Piggy’s personality and this could unsettle him. Jack could also possibly be jealous of Piggy’s intellect. They also have very different methods of problem solving and survival. Jack is more brute force whereas Piggy is more strategic. Jack is also very used to being in charge as it was what he was taught in the choir. As in chapter 1, when he thought that he should be chief and Piggy saw through Jack and saw the possible evil which lurked within. Overall, Jack’s statement may have had some credential towards the beginning of the book, but towards the later chapters, both reader and character see that it is becoming increasingly difficult to retain order and a basic civilization due to the way that all of the kids behave. This reinforces Golding’s idea that there is a savage element in all of us.

Financial Analysis of BLD Plantation Bhd

Financial Analysis of BLD Plantation Bhd 1.1 Sime Darby Plantation Bhd According to Sime Darby (2013), the Sime Darby Plantation is the plantation and agribusiness arm of Sime Darby Berhad, at which has incorporated over 15 countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and so on. It was founded in 1910 and growth to become the largest conglomerate in Malaysia. However, it is the one of largest palm oil producer in the world which produce 2.47 million tones of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) output annually. Bloomberg (n.d) states that Sime Darby Plantation Bhd was mainly engages in upstream activities such as oil palm and rubber plantation development, cultivation, and downstream activities. The company was involved in the manufacturing of oils and fats products, and other fast moving consumer goods. The company was incorporated in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia during 2004 with other offices in Indonesia and India (Bloomberg, n.d). Besides, its downstream operations are divided into 2 sectors, that is food and nonfood. For food sector, CPO was manufactured into different types of oils and fat products such as cooking oil, margarine and cooking fats. The company also produces the customized products to meet their customers need and satisfaction. In nonfood sector, it was involved in the manufacturing of oleochemicals and biodiesel. In 2016, the company has commenced the first large scale planting of Genome Select high yielding oil palms, which allow themselves to produce mire oil in existing land. 1.2 BLD Plantation Bhd The BLD Plantation Bhd (BLDP) was incorporated in Malaysia as a public limited company under the Companies Act 1965 in October 2001. It was listed on main market of Bursa Malaysia under plantation sector on 2003 and served as parent company to Bintulu Lumber Development Sdn Bhd, Grand Mutual Sdn Bhd, and so on. According to Worldwide Company Profile (2011), the company was principally engaged in investing holding and provision of management services whereas the principal activities of group are cultivation of oil palm, processing of fresh fruit bunches and sales of related products. The Sarawak based BLD Plantation Group was mainly involved in cultivation of oil palm, processing of fresh fruit bunches into CPO and related products. The company was also involved in cattle farming and timber business but it has gradually declined and phased out in 2004. However, the company has produces the CPO and palm kernel (PK) and only sold to Bintulu Edible Oils Sdn Bhd (BEO), which is the major palm oil refinery in Sarawak. 1.3 Riverview Rubber Estates Bhd Riverview Rubber Estates Bhd is a publicly traded company which operates in the agricultural sector in Malaysia (Worldwide Company Profile, 2012). It was mainly involved in the cultivation of oil palm. However, it was incorporated in 1936 and has registered Headquarter in Ipoh, Malaysia. In 2006, the company had produced approximately 43,651 tons of fresh fruit bunches. Moreover, it was interested in two associated companies, that is Narborough Plantations company which is interests in the operation of oil palm plantations and Rivaknar Holdings Sdn Bhd which principally involved in investment holding. Riverview Rubber Estates is listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad and London Stock Exchange (Worldwide Company Profile, 2012). 1.4 IJM Plantation Bhd IJM is one of Malaysias leading conglomerates which was listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. The company has embraced the theme Nurturing Sustainability for its long-term success in agribusiness that are related to oil palm supply chain. However, they have their own vision and mission statements. Their vision statement is To be a leading regional plantation group while the mission statements is To uphold the highest standards of performance in our plantation and agribusiness. The companys theme Nurturing sustainability remain their long term success in oil palm business venture. As the group progresses, it has adopted and implemented strategies to embrace the pillar of performance, the productivity and innovations, and the care for environment. IJM Plantation Berhad was also listed on Bursa Malaysia in 2003. However, it represents one of the 5 main division of IJM group. 1.5 Innoprise Plantation Berhad The Innoprise Plantation Berhad is a Sabah based company listed on main board of Bursa Malaysia (RSPO, n.d). The company was undertaking planting and development at which have approximately 22,763 hectares of forest reserves land in Tawau, Sabah. However, the company has disposed the downstream wood product assets and start to refocus on oil palm. The company was planning to complete planting at which estimated 13,929 hectares of planted oil palm in 2013. In 2006, the company was entered into contract with its major shareholder, Rakyat Berjaya Sdn Bhd to log over 30,000 hectares of Kuamut Forest Reserve over 10 years. This operation is to provide medium term revenue and partial funding for companys oil palm development project. Besides, Innoprise Group was highly emphasized on Corporate Social Responsibility as it recognizes the community, employees and the environment as stakeholders. With the limited resources, the company will continue to make contribution towards development of t he community especially education, sports and poverty alleviation. No. Company Name Data 1 Sime Darby Plantation 0.00221000 2 BLD Plantation 0.00893000 3 Riverview Rubber Estate 0.00599135 4 IJM Plantation 0.00552490 5 Innoprise Plantation BHD 0.01047740 6 KLCI 0.00289210 3.1 Expected Return Based on the expected return table above, we can know that the highest expected return among few companies from 2007 to 2016 is Innoprise Plantation Bhd. On the other hand, the lowest expected return among few companies from 2007 to 2016 is Sime Darby Plantation. Expected return is the amount of profit or loss that an investor expected on the investment that has various known or called as expected rates of return. Expected return is important to be calculate. This is because it can predict the future value of a portfolio and provide guidance from which to measure actual returns. Expected return is always calculate based on the historical data and is not guaranteed. (Investopedia, 2017) Expected return is also known as a process of determining the average expected probability of different types of rates of return that are possible on a given assets. There are some factors to determine the expected return which are different market conditions and an assets beta. (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017). The most important factor that affect the expected return is the stock price. The formula that calculate expected return is as below: Expected return, E(r)= 1/ TÆ ©t=1 r(i,j) Innoprise Plantation Bhd has a highest expected return from 2007 to 2016 compared to these companies. High expected return indicates that the higher risk, the higher the volatility and return potential. (Chirantan Basu, 1995). Based on the historical data, we can know that the highest price among these few year was RM1.85546 on July 2012 while the lowest was RM0.28545 on Dec 2008. Moreover, we can know that the stock price for each month has changed drastically especially the stock price has increased from RM0.46624 per share to RM0.942 per share on April 2010 according to the historical data. It increased by RM0.47576 per share on that time. On 12 April 2010, according to the Capital Reconstruction Exercise, the existing issued and paid-up share capital of the company of RM112,500,000 comprising 112,500,000 ordinary shares which are RM1 per share was reduced to RM 56,250,000 comprising 112,500,000 ordinary share of the company. Therefore, the entire paid-up share capital of 112,500,000 ordinary shares of RM0.50 per share were consolidated into 56,250,000 ordinary shares which are RM1 per share. (Annual Report of Innoprise Plantation Bhd, 2010) Subsequent to the Capital Reconstruction Exercise, the issued and paid up ordinary share capital of the company was increased from RM56,250,000 to RM188,611,300 by the way of the issuance of 132,361,300 ordinary shares which are RM1 per share for cash based on the Rights Issue Exercies for working capital purposes. The new ordinary shares have the same right in all respects with the existing shares of the company. (Annual Report of Innoprise Plantation Bhd, 2010) On the other hand, Sime Darby Plantation Bhd has lowest expected return from 2007 to 2016 compared to these few companies. Based on the historical data, we can know that the highest price among these few year was RM11.90 on January 2016 while the lowest price was RM5.20 on January 2015. Based on the graph of stock price from 2007 to 2016 in Sime Darby Plantation Bhd in appendix, we can know that the stock price among these few year were moved stability from 2007 to 2014. Start from 2015 to 2016, it was dramatically changed. The highest expected return in Sime Darby was 0.24064 on November 2015. The stock price was increased from RM9.35 per share to RM11.60 per share suddenly at that period. During the financial year 2015, the company increased its issued and paid-up ordinary share capital from RM3,032,053,404 to RM3,105,579,143 by the way of issuance of 147,051,477 new ordinary shares of RM0.50 per share at an issue price of RM8.94 per share amounting to RM1,314.6 million, according to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan of the company. The new ordinary shares have the same right in all respects with the existing shares of the company. (Annual Report of Sime Darby Plantation Bhd, 2015) No. Company Name Data 1 Sime Darby Plantation 0.05695000 2 BLD Plantation 0.06363000 3 Riverview Rubber Estate 0.00709225 4 IJM Plantation 0.00681400 5 Innoprise Plantation BHD 0.00938350 6 KLCI 0.03652390 3.2 Standard Deviation In finance, standard deviation is commonly explained as the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investments volatility. We calculate the standard deviation of different company by using the formula below.    Standard Deviation = [1/n * (ri rave)2] ½   Ã‚   Where:ri = actual rate of returnrave = average rate of returnn = number of time periods Standard deviation is important for an investor to make investment decision. Why do we say so? Because standard deviation measure the dispersion about an average, illustrating how widely a return may varied over time. Therefore, investor tend to predict the range of rate of return by using the standard deviation of historical performance. For an example, a fund or stock with high standard deviation of rate of return, the predicted range of performance is vast, resulting in higher volatility. Without standard deviation, you cannot define or evaluate whether a data given is to the average or the data is spread out over a wide range. On the other hand, by using standard deviation, investor can have a much clear expectation of an investment before doing any investment decision. If a funds return follow the normal distribution, approximately 68% of the time will fall within one standard deviation of the mean return and approximately 98% of the time within two standard deviation. (Morningstar Investing Glossary) Lets say if fund A have an expected annual return of 20% and its standard deviation is 4%, then investor would expect a return between 16% and 24% about 68% of the time and between 12% and 28% about 98% of the time. From the table above, we can see that BLD Plantation has the highest standard deviation compare to the other four company. As we know that, higher standard deviation means that the investment will differ a lot from the average return. In other word, you can make high return from the investment but also make big loss in the investment as the return is high the risk is also high. BLD Plantation have the highest standard deviation, therefore the company may provide higher return but the level of variation is high which mean the investment return is not consistent. Investment in this company may have higher risk compare to the other 4 company. With a standard deviation of 6.36%, which mean the investment return may differ from the mean about 6.36% lower or higher. In the other hand, we can see that IJM Plantation has the lowest standard deviation compare to the other four company. It means that IJM Plantation may be generating lower investment return but the volatility is low which large variation are unlikely to occur. An investor who do not want to take higher risk will invest in this company as the lower standard deviation can prevent the investor to lose too much as it doesnt deviate from the mean value too much. Although BLD Plantation has the highest standard deviation, but looking at the standard deviation as a whole, these five companies still consider as company with low standard deviation in generating investment return. No. Company Name Data 1 SD vs BLD -0.000166 2 SD vs RV -0.000272 3 SD vs IJM -0.000168 4 SD vs Inno -0.000533 5 SD vs KLCI -0.000201 6 BLD vs RV 0.001854 7 BLD vs IJM 0.002451 8 BLD vs Inno 0.003689 9 BLD vs KLCI 0.001275 10 RV vs IJM 0.001862 11 RV vs Inno 0.001465 12 RV vs KLCI 0.000785 13 IJM vs Inno 0.001725 14 IJM vs KLCI 0.001340 15 Inno vs KLCI 0.002270 3.3 Covariance SD Sime Darby BLD BLD RV Riverview IJM IJM Inno Innoprise KLCI KLCI Based on the covariance table above, we can know that the highest covariance from 2007 to 2016 among these few companies is BLD Plantation Bhd versus Innoprise Plantation Bhd. On the other hand, the lowest covariance from 2007 to 2016 among these few companies is Sime Darby Plantation Bhd versus Innoprise Plantation Bhd. Covariance is a measurement of how much two random variables vary together. It is almost like variance but variance only give the information about the single variable varies while covariance give the information about the two variables vary together. A large covariance indicates that a strong relationship between variables while a weak covariance indicates that a strong relationship between variables in a different data set with different scales. (Statistics How To, 2017) We calculate the covariance to measure the linear relationship between two variables and understand the direction of the relationship between variables. Covariance figures are not standardized. Hence, the covariance figure can range from negative figure until infinity to positive figure until infinity. (Minitab Express, 2016). In a simply words, the positive covariance indicate that the two variables are moving together or varying directly while the negative covariance indicate that the two variables are moving in the opposite direction or varying inversely. (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) Based on the table above, we can know that BLD plantation Bhd and Innoprise Plantation Bhd have positive covariance which is 0.003689. It indicates that both companies tend to increase together. By looking the graph of stock price from 2007 to 2016 in BLD Plantation Bhd and Innoprise Plantation Bhd in appendix, we can see that both companies has increased and decreased at the same direction. When BLD Plantation Bhd has increased the stock price which from RM8.38 per share to RM8.64 per share on July 2012, Innoprise Plantation Bhd has also increased the stock price which from RM1.42728 per share to RM1.85546 per share on July 2012. This shows that both companies had moving together and grow at the same direction. By the calculation of covariance among these two companies, we can know that these companies have strong relationship between each other. In contrast, Sime Darby Plantation Bhd and Innoprise Plantation Bhd have negative covariance which is -0.000533. It indicates that one of these companies tend to increase as the other companies decrease. By looking the graph of stock price from 2007 to 2016 among Sime Darby Plantation and Innoprise Plantation Bhd, we can know that Sime Darbys stock price remained slightly from 2007 to 2014 and had fluctuated from 2015 to 2016. On the other hand, stock price in Innoprise Plantation Bhd has fluctuated from 2007 to 2016. This indicates that both of the companies did not have increase or decrease at the same direction. Hence, Sime Darby Plantation Bhd and Innoprise Plantation Bhd have negative covariance. When Sime Darby Plantation Bhd has increased from RM9.35 per share to RM11.60 per share on November 2015, Innoprise Plantation Bhd has decreased from RM1.40824 per share to RM1.3226 per share on November 2015. This shows that both companies had moving in the opposite direction. No. Company Name Data 1 Sime Darby Plantation -0.15067000 2 BLD Plantation 0.95540000 3 Riverview Rubber Estate 0.58830585 4 IJM Plantation 1.00599700 5 Innoprise Plantation BHD 1.70142429 3.4 Beta Beta is commonly defined as a measure of the volatility or the systematic risk of a portfolio or securities comparing with the market as a whole. In other word, beta values are also considering as a tool used to compare each individual stock to the market performance by evaluating the relationship of a stock movement with the market itself. Beta values are one of the several values that investor use to analyse the companys risk profile. Different companies have different beta value due to different industry, different customer or different function. All these may affect the beta values of a company. Company with beta value close to 1 or equal to one are commonly found in the large companies with numerous operating segment. The demand of the product of these companies usually increase and decrease proportional to the aggregate to the economic expansion or contraction. However, companies that are related to pharmaceutical or healthcare usually have beta value less than 1. The demand of suck companys products is inelastic. This causes people hard to stop buying them or find a substitute for such product. This makes the company always have a steadily earnings and lead to low volatility in stock price. Companies with beta value have the highest volatility in stock price. These companies tend to react better than the market or worse than the market. We can take companies in cyclical industries such as airline company as an example with high beta values. When the economy contract or slow down, people will have no money to demand for travel and stock price will decrease dramatically, an d vice versa. This result in higher volatile earnings and the movement of share price. According to the data above, we can say that the beta is categorized in three groups which are higher than 1, between 0 and 1, and below 0. Beta is known as a measurement of a stocks volatility in relation to the market. There are two company that come with beta higher than 1 which are the IJM Plantation and Innoprise Plantation BHD. Innoprise Plantation has the highest beta value which is 1.70 follow by IJM Plantation with beta value of 1.006. Based on this value, we can say that Innoprise Plantation BHD stock is theoretically 70.14% more volatile than the market and IJM Plantation stocks is 0.6% more volatile than the market. This indicate that when there is a 10% increase in the stock market, stocks price for Innoprise Plantation BHD will increase by approximately 17% and also approximately 10.06% for IJM Plantation. This concept applies to the condition when market goes down too. These two company with beta value higher than 1 tends to perform better than the market when the mark et goes up and when the market slow down, the company will perform even worse compare to the market. With the beta value between 0 and 1 is BLD Plantation and Riverview Rubber Estate. Beta value for BLD plantation is 0.96 and 0.59 for Riverview Rubber Estate. These two companies are the companies with volatilities lower than the market, which means that BLD Plantation and Riverview Rubber Estate are theoretically less volatile than the market. If the market increase by 10%, BLD Plantation stocks price will increase only 9.6% and for Riverview Rubber Estate, the stock price will only increase by 5.9%. This also means that the company have a steadily earnings stream and lower volatility of the stock. The last company is the Sime Darby Plantation with a beta value lower than 0 which is a negative beta value. The beta value for Sime Darby Plantation is -0.15. A negative beta correlation indicates that the stock price will go in the opposite direction with the market situation. When the market rise about 10%, the stock price for Sime Darby will decrease about 1.5%, and vice versa. Conservative or safe playing investor will consider about BLD Plantation and Riverview Rubber Estate as the lower betas limit the volatility. Beta value of companies are one of the important element in the formula of capital asset pricing model which is known as CAPM. As how much diversify our investment is, there will be still some risk within it. So, as an investor, they claim that by taking the risk there must deserve a rate of return. By using CAPM, we can calculate the investment risk and what rate of return are we expecting from the investment. 3.5 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model that describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets, particularly stocks. (Investopedia, 2017) CAPM is used to calculate the required rate of return for any risky assets. Required rate of return is a rate of total return needed to be compensated for the risk taken which is made up of a risk-free rate and risk premium. (Finance, 2009) The required rate of return is also an increase in value that should be expect to see based on the risk level of the assets. (InvestingAnswer, 2017) CAPM is an idealized portrayal of how financial markets fix the price of the securities and determine expected returns on capital investments. By using CAPM, it provides a methodology for quantifying risk and translating the risk into the estimated of expected return on equity. (David W.Muslim,Jr, 1982). The model says that the only reason that an investor should earn more on average by investing in one stock rather than another stock is that the stock is riskier. By the CAPM calculation, we can know that the required rate of return among these five companies is 0.0235305. We have use the beta information to calculate the required rate of return. The weight of these five companies are the same which are 0.1. According the CAPM, the beta is the only relevant measurement of a stocks risk. By knowing the beta, then we can get the required rate of return. In this case, required rate of return which is 2.35% is greater than risk-free which is 2.33% that stated. Hence, we should not invest in this portfolio. This is because we need to have higher rate to get back the return. To conclude all the information and analysis, the highest expected return among the few companies from 2007 to 2016 is Innoprise Plantation Bhd and the lowest expected return among few companies from 2007 to 2016 is Sime Darby Plantation. With the higher expected return, higher risk, the higher the volatility and return potential. Means Innoprise Plantation Bhd has the highest risk and highest volatility and return potential and Sime Darby Plantation has the lowest risk and lowest volatility and return potential. The highest Standard deviation among the few companies from 2007 to 2016 is BLD Plantation and the lowest standard deviation is IJM Plantation. The higher standard deviation means that the investment will differ a lot from the average return. Which means the BLD Plantation can provide higher return but the level of variation and risk is higher compare to other 4 companies. The IJM Plantation has lowest standard deviation means the company generating lower return but the level of variation and risk is lower to prevent too much loss. The highest covariance from 2007 to 2016 among these few companies is BLD Plantation Bhd versus Innoprise Plantation Bhd. On the other hand, the lowest covariance from 2007 to 2016 among these few companies is Sime Darby Plantation Bhd versus Innoprise Plantation Bhd. . A large covariance indicates that a strong relationship between variables while a weak covariance indicates that a strong relationship between variables in a different data set with different scales. Beta values are considering as a tool used to compare each individual stock to the market performance by evaluating the relationship of a stock movement with the market itself. Beta values are one of the several values that investor use to analyse the companys risk profile. The beta value can be categorized into three group, higher than 1, between 0 and 1, and less than 1. There are two company that come with beta higher than 1 which are the IJM Plantation and Innoprise Plantation BHD. Innoprise Plantation has the highest beta value which is 1.70 follow by IJM Plantation with beta value of 1.0. With the beta value between 0 and 1 is BLD Plantation and Riverview Rubber Estate. Beta value for BLD plantation is 0.96 and 0.59 for Riverview Rubber Estate The last company is the Sime Darby Plantation with a beta value lower than 0 which is a negative beta value and the beta value is -0.15. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model that describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets, particularly stocks. By using the CAPM calculation, we can know that the required rate of return among these five companies is 0.0235305. Based on the evaluation of each company from (c), the lowest expected rate of return was Sime Darby Plantation, given by 0.00221000. The highest expected rate of return was Innoprise Plantation BHD, 0.01047740. The average expected rate of return of these five companies was 0.00662673 whereas the required rate of return was 0.0235305. For a good investment, the expected rate of return has to be higher than the required rate of return. To improve the situation, there are a few strategies taken by each of the companies to drive their operational efficiency, seek out investment while maintaining their capital discipline. Sime Darby Plantation planned to extend sustainable supply chain to include small producers since year 2016. Under the partnership, the supply of small producers will be secured. Sime Darby Plantation collaborate with Wild Asia to assist the rest of the small producers to achieve RSPO certification. As one of the worlds largest plantation company, Sime Darby manufactures, sales and marketing activities of oils and fats products, oleochemicals, palm oil-based biodiesel and other palm oil derivatives (Sime Darby News, 2016). The variety involvement of Sime Darby Plantation helps to improve the companys performance whether in short-term or long-term. Besides that, BLD Plantation had entered into a share sale agreement in year 2016 to acquire the entire 1.1 million shares of RM 1.00 each in the share capital of Pekan for RM 155.22 million. Since the agreement, BLD Plantation has conducted due diligence and it is still

Salvador Dali and the Surrealist movement

Salvador Dali and the Surrealist movement Salvador Dali is perhaps one of the most recognized artists of the Surrealist movement. His art is mass produced in prints, and it is not a rare occasion to see them in homes of adults and on the walls of college students. His most famous work, The Persistence of Memory (1934), is taught in art classes to children as young as 7. Most of these people feel a connection with Dalis work and feel compelled to display these posters. It is safe to say, however, that few of these fans know anything about Surrealism, and the inspiration behind his most beloved works. The Surrealist movement evolved from the Dada movement of the 1920s. Its leader, Tristan Tzara, aimed to eliminate art because society created war and therefore does not deserve art. He instead aimed to shock the public through works of anti-art, which did not shock the public as intended, but was accepted by the art society. Dada embraced nihilism, a philosophy centered around nothing, meaning nothing, or anything. Dada rejected reason and logic while hating life. In William Bohns article From Surrealism to Surrealism: Apollinaire and Breton he states that Dada Was actually a protest movement, protesting bourgeoisie values in art and life(Surrealism, 198). Instead, Dada actually bridged art in life by displaying objects that allowed the viewer to realize that life is in fact art. In order to bridge life and art, Dada artists applied humor to art which provided a playfulness not reached by realism. Dadas aim was to juggle away, to parody, and to ridicule all accepted ideas, all forms of social activity (Surrealism, 199). Dada seems to have been a contradictory movement, one that produced wildly creative pieces, while discrediting creativity in theory. The constant contradictions of the movement could be why followers so readily embraced Surrealism, a movement which seemed to make more sense, but provided a smooth transition for even the most devoted Dadaists, such as Tristan Tzara, the movements leader. Surrealism, as defined by Anton Breton is Pure psychic automatism by which we propose to express either verbally or in writing or in some other manner- the true functioning of thought, in the absence of all control, excerased by reason, outside all aesthetic and moral preoccupations(The Surrealist Manifesto, Surrealism, 205). His definition of Surrealism as a philosophy is as follows, Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life (The Surrealist Manifesto, Surrealism, 205). Anton Breton was the founding father of Surrealism. He introduced samples of his writings which were called automatic writing. This automatic writing is also known as free association writing in which the author begins to write whatever comes to mind in hopes of unlocking the unconscious mind. The point of unlocking the unconscious was to reveal truth in the art form. This form of Automatism was a underlying application in surrealistic art, be it visual or literary. Surrealism, therefore, was not restricted to visual art, but was also a popular movement among authors of the period. Surrealists were greatly influenced by the works of Freud, whose radical theories in psychoanalysis and the importance of the subconscious in regards to not only mental health, but to truth and life, would inspire artists and authors to unlock their own subconscious. Surrealists incorporated Freuds theory into their art work through the belief that dreams are as important, if not more so than reality. Therefore characteristics of Surrealist art include dream like images. Surrealism aimed to draw the eye to one object and then to distract it with another object. Surrealism called for a deliberate disorientation of the mind (Frey, 15). In doing so, the artists was able to create a dreamlike experience for the viewer. To the Surrealist, beauty was not the goal because beauty, while aesthetically pleasing, does not necessarily represent truth. As the movement gained momentum several visual artists and authors began to identify themselves as Surrealists. They embraced the the philosophy of Surrealism and applied to their respective art. Some of the most well known artists that joined the movement include: Paul and Gala Eluard, Pierre Naville, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, and Yves Tanguy. Picasso is sometimes considered a follower of the movement, but overall his involvement was minimal. Perhaps the most recognizable name aligned with the Surrealist movement is Salvador Dali. Salvador Dali was born in 1904 in Figueres, which borders Catalonia, Spain. By the age of 12 he showed much promise as an artist. He attended drawing school at this age and fell in love with art. In 1922 he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, Madrid. As a youth at the academy he proclaimed himself an anarchist and was privy to rebellious activities. The many shenanigans he pulled were evidence to his desire for attention and his quest for fame. Such rebellion eventually got him kicked out of the academy. In response to his expulsion he continued his artwork, dabbling in Cubism and Purism. He eventually met Pablo Picasso, whose work he highly respected. Finally, he met Anton Breton, the leader of the Surrealist movement. He felt a draw to the philosophy of this movement and quickly joined forces with the other members of the movement. Dali used a method in his artwork called paranoiac critical method. He developed this method in 1929, the same year that he officially proclaimed himself a Surrealist. The paranoiac critical method was a self hypnosis which would allow him to hallucinate freely. Under this hypnotism he would create art that involved double images. These double images acted as an optical illusion. The viewer immediately would see one object, but given further review would notice a hidden image inside of the main object. Often, the hidden image would be erotic or create a feeling of discomfort for the audience. These images were also dreamlike, not only created in the subconscious of the painter, but unlocking the subconscious of the audience. About these double images Dali said, Such a representation of an object that is also, without the slightest physical or anatomical change, the representation of another entirely different object, the second representation being equally devoid of any deformation o r abnormally betraying the arrangement (Stinking Ass). Upon joining this Surrealists he met Gala Eluard who was ten years his senior. She is heralded as the muse of the Surrealist movement as she not only inspired Dali, but many other artists and authors of the movement. At the time of their meeting she was married to surrealist poet and friend of Dalis Paul Eluard. He immediately fell in love with her, and her love was reciprocated. Her husband Paul, Eluard, surprisingly did not object, he was intrigued by the intricacies of relationships, and therefore not too hurt by her choice to be with Dali. They moved in together and she became his muse, they married in 1934. She seized power over his career and aided in marketing not only his artwork but his persona. Without her, he may not have gained the notoriety that he had so craved since a young age. In 1931 Salvador Dali painted perhaps his most famous and recognizable piece, Persistence of Memory (1931). Regardless of his success, by the end of the 1930s the Surrealists were no longer champions of Dali or his artwork. He refused to take sides during the Spanish Civil War, which cost him life long friends. Anton Breton, who had once revered Dalis work, assigned him the derogatory nickname Avida Dollars which means eager for money. His greed, and hesitance in aligning with the Marxist revolution severed many ties between him and his colleagues. At the beginning of World War II Gala, and Salvador Dali moved to California, upon reflection of his Surrealist days he said this, Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. Todays laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college. Dali was nothing if not a master artist, and he displayed discontent for the current state of art. After 1949 he and his wife moved back to Catalonia where they would live the rest of their lives. Gala passed in 1982, with Salvador following in 1989. As previously stated, Dalis most recognizable and celebrate work is the Persistence of Memory painted in 1931. The canvas of this painting is quite small, measuring 24.1 cm X 33 cm, and it is currently housed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, where it has hung since 1936. It has three soft watches that are placed on the landscape of Port Lligat. Port Lligat is a small village on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, in which Dali spent much of his life. He also included in this landscape and in many of his other works. The enormous cliffs in the background are evidence that it is in fact the cliffs of Port Lligat. The former curator of MOMA, James Thrall Soby, says of the painting the space is manipulated to suggest and infinity against which the drama of his objects and figures is projected (Clocking, 3). The telltale cliffs of Port Lligat constitute only a small portion of the painting. The majority of the space is dominated by the giant melting clocks. One clock is closed, and the other three are draped over a creature in the center, steps, and an olive tree. The eyes are first drawn to these clocks, and according to an analysis on salvadordalimuseum.org, the clocks clearly represent time, but create a dreamlike effect by bending the rules of reality, which is characteristic of Surrealism. Simon Wilson says of this painting, The theme of this truly bizarre and mysterious painting is mans obsession with the nature of time ( Clocking, 4). Dali, himself, remarked that Soft watches are nothing else than the tender, extravagant and solitary paranoiac-critical Camembert of space and time (Clocking, 12). The reference of Camembert may seem offhandedly strange, however this is a reference to the cheese that actually inspired the soft watches on the evening that he painted this picture. Although the main draw to the painting is the melting watches, there are other important symbols in the painting. The ants on the closed watches, the olive tree, the steps and the amorphous creature each have a special memory which contribute to the aesthetics of this painting. Upon further examination the creature in the center of the painting has eyelashes and a closed eye. The creature appears to be sleeping. This creature is actually a self portrait of Salvador Dali. It is a form that he has used in other paintings to represent himself. Upon further review, the viewer can make out the profile with a nose, and mouth. The next symbol in the painting is the olive tree in the upper left comer. The olive tree was a significant symbol for Dali. Olive trees symbolize peace, and olives were a major export of Catalonia. Later in life he even refereed to his wife Gala as his little olive. In this particular painting Dali has presented a dead olive tree. This dead tree may symbolize the inevitable death that time will bring. Death and decay is a common theme in this painting as Dali uses ants and flies to indicate decay. The Ants are on the closed watch in the bottom left of the painting. The final symbols to discuss in this painting are the steps. There is one step, prominent in the foreground on the left side. In the distance, along the horizon there is another step, on the edge of the water. These steps could possibly represent the Freudian explanation of steps and the act of going up and down them. Freud explains that steps in dreams represent sexual acts. It is unclear whether or not this what Dali intended to present, symbolically speaking, the use of steps is unclear. Twenty years after painting Persistence of Memory, Dali presented a new painting called Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1952). During the period between these two paintings Dalis life had greatly changed. He and Gala moved to the United States to flee the Spanish Civil War. While in California he worked with Disney and Alfred Hitchcock as a consultant for various films. His artwork was transformed after World War II. The scientific strides that had been made regarding the discovery of DNA and the advent of the atomic bomb influenced Dalis style. In 1948 Dali and Gala sought to move back to Spain. The new government was staunchly Roman Catholic and Dali had to prove that he had changed his ways and was now a pious Catholic. Ultimately he would call himself a nuclear mystisist. Nuclear mysticisms mixture of physics, math, science, religion, art history, and Spanish culture was to stress technique, rebirth, faith and tradition (Clocking, 17). Dali saw God in mathematical ratios and in atomic science. Dalà ­ wrote: In the surrealist period I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world-the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. I succeeded in doing it. Today the exterior world-that of physics-has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr. Heisenberg. (Clocking, 17). The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory is the same size as the original Persistence of Memory. Upon examining the painting the viewer will notice that the clocks are no longer the first thing the eye is drawn to. They are overshadowed by the mathemematical dissasembly of the steps, tree and painting overall. As the watches are less relevant, the them of time also become irrelevant to this particular painting. All things, the painting seems to be saying-even the persistence of memory-are overcome by, or incorporated into, one atomic reality (Clocking, 18). This painting, once resembled a still life, now seems to have a sense of movement to it. The swimming fish and even the disintegration of the steps and tree have movement that make the painting feel alive. The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory is housed at the Salvador Dali museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. In 2000 the two paintings were united in an exhibited where they were shown side by side, so that the viewer could see the difference in style and meaning behind each painting. The Dali museum in St. Petersburg, Florida was established March 7 of 1982 and is made up of works from the private collection of the Mr. and Mrs. Morse, who began collecting Dalis work in 1940. One of the most celebrated artists of the 1900s, Salvador Dali and his artwork remain ingrained in the minds of anyone who has so much as glanced at one of his pieces. He provided the art world with a zany character who was himself, a walking art form. Although his style evolved throughout his life, his most memorable period was that of his Surrealist paintings. His mastery allowed him to remain at the forefront of the artistic community, and evolve along with the tastes of his fans.

Time and Change in Poetry Essay -- Robert Herrick Thomas Hood Poems Es

Time and Change in Poetry Comparing and discussing two poems written by two different people in two different times on the subject of time and change. Time and Change I will be comparing and discussing two poems written by two different people in two different times on the subject of time and change. The subject time and change is part of our everyday lives and it affects our behaviour and attitudes. The first poem I will be studying is â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† which I will refer to as poem 1 and is by Robert Herrick in the 16th Century. The title of the poem makes the reader think that it has a sexually orientated meaning to it. The second poem is â€Å"I Remember, I Remember†, which I will be referring to as poem 2 and is by Thomas Hood in the 18th Century. The title of this poem suggests to the reader that it is a personal poem based on the poets own life experiences. Both poems talk about time and change in different ways. Poem 1 is written to instruct young people what to do with their time and poem 2 is written in first person narrative and talks about how different life is. Both poems encourage you to read them and put the same message across to enjoy what you have while it lasts. I think the time and change topic is very important and by studying and analysing each poem carefully, you can see a new perspective on life. A theme is something that you can find throughout a poem, play, book etc. It lets the reader/audience know what it is about and lets you understand the meaning of the piece more clearly. The themes of the two poems look at the concept of the changes between being youthful to growing old and discuss how time passes quickly in your life. They both convey natur... ...It is always instructing young people what to do with their time and how to spend it, as well as a instructive advice. I feel the poem repeats its message too many times but this helps to put the point of the poem across more strongly for people to underrstand what it is about. I think both poems put the point of time and change across strongly in their own, unique way and it helps people to understand what the actual subject matter means and is trying to demonstrate. The poems are written well and both discuss how ageing affects you. Poem 2 make sme think of my childhood and my most precious memories whereas poem 1 makes me think of my future and what could happen. Both poems have the impact to make you think of the past, present and future and lets you know that all three are different and its down to you as to what you do with your life and time.

Driving Essay -- essays research papers

I always thought learning how to drive would be easy until one afternoon when I was 14 I decided to teach myself how to drive. I found out that afternoon that driving is not that easy and cars aren’t made for running into ditches. From my experiences and others experiences I have found out that it is not easy to learn how to drive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When first learning to drive you will definitely need a car and a person to teach you how to drive. I found out that if you first learn how to drive a manual it’s a piece of cake to drive an automatic. If you start out with learning to use a clutch then you have already got the hard part out of the way now you just have to learn the rules of the road.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you learn how to drive a manual it will come so natural to you that you will wonder why you weren’t able to figure it out. First off to drive a manual you need steady feet and good hand eye coordination to shift. To start the car push in the clutch (far left pedal) and turn the key away from you. After starting the car keep the clutch in and put the shifter into first gear. Slowly let your foot off the clutch until you can feel a catch, and then apply a little gas to get the car going. It wont happen the first time you try it but by the time you get the hang of it the person in the passenger seat will need a neck brace from the car stalling time and time again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was in the stage of learning how to d...

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm takes place on a farm in England. Napoleon is the main character in this book and his character is a symbol for greed. Napoleon is a large Berkshire boar who receives great power when he arranges for the expulsion of Snowball. Napoleon changes in a negative way as the plot progresses. At first, Napoleon wants to better his life and the lives of all the other animals, but that soon changes. Power tends to corrupt some people, such as Napoleon who uses his power to change rules, control others, and shows favoritism. Napoleon uses power to change rules. The animals design The Seven Commandments of Animalism as rules which apply to all equally. Napoleon arranges to change The Seven Commandments to justify his wrong doing. After series of changes, only one commandment remains: â€Å"All animals are created equal, but some are more equal than others.† By having the power to make changes, he can make everything suit himself. At first there was the idea of a Utopia, heaven on Earth, but Napoleon changes that too. The Utopia changes to a dictatorship under Napoleon’s influence. Napoleon has the power to control others. He first gains the animals’ trust to become their leader and then plots to physically control them. He secretly trains guard dogs and makes them his secret police. Napoleon’s main concern is no longer all of the animals. Dogs kill three pigs for making confessions. These killings instill a mass fear among the other animals. Squealer assists Napoleon by speaking convincingly on his behalf and making him seem more â€Å"king-like†. Squealer aids Napoleon in his quest for absolute control or power. The animals are most afraid at the sight of Napoleon carrying a whip. Napoleon shows favoritism. His main concern is not all of the animals. Napoleon wants only to improve the worth of his and the other pigs’ lives. There is a caste system with two groups: the workers and the rulers. In this new system, the pigs are in the ruling class, and the other animals are the workers. The rulers were the pigs because they are better; therefore the workers are the other farm animals. Napoleon uses the barley crop to make whisky for himself and the pigs. The pigs wear clothes, learn to read, sleep in beds, eat on fancy dishes, wear ribbons on Sunday, and had to do less work.

Objective Of Post Compulsory Education Education Essay

Post compulsory instruction is optional, but to come in a respectable calling persons normally must go on their instruction in order to accomplish their fiscal and/or personal ends. The primary aim of station compulsory instruction is certainly to heighten an persons potency for their hereafter, to add value to themselves and do them a more attractive proposition for a possible employer. Post compulsory instruction has become an indispensable portion of the educational system in our society by being the right measure for many different people with many different fortunes. For some pupils it provides a vehicle of passage from school to university. For those people that are sing a calling alteration, the station mandatory instruction provides the chance to larn a new accomplishment or trade at a every sensible cost, more significantly if employers can be persuaded to lend financially there is the chance of increasing the pool of good qualified people at decreased cost to the treasury. Given the above it may be an thought for the Government to take attention of the initial set up and so go forth market forces to predominate and see to what extent farther instruction attracts the involvement of the people who will finally prove the accomplishments of the pupil, the employers. The regulations of the game will necessitate to be clearly defined and held up for examination, the most of import in my sentiment – merely fund what is required and works, there ‘s nil that focuses the head like traceability and answerability! Education is of import in life. Had there non been a community college system, many people would non hold realised their educational ends. As research has shown, without a formal instruction, most people are less likely to make their full gaining possible. It is of import to look at the positives that the community college system provides to communities across the state. If the people who discredit the community college system would take a deep expression into it, they excessively would see the great carry throughing value of this establishment. In recent times instruction has been viewed as the great leveller with regard to societal para. Throughout Britain and so the developed universe, instruction has been the agencies for increasing human capital resources and the path into the in-between category for many 1000000s. Education plays a polar function in many communities desire for societal betterment. Families will do about any forfeit to guarantee that a household member obtains the chance to derive the accomplishments and makings that will maximise the potency of societal promotion. These capital resources include: Cultural Capital – Harmonizing to Bourdieu ‘s theory of cultural reproduction, kids from middle-class households are advantaged in societal and rational cognition gained due to their ownership of cultural capital. I agree, cultural capital is conveyed within the place environment, which can hold, in my sentiment, a important consequence on public presentation in the GCSE ( General Certificate of Secondary Education ) scrutinies and has a cardinal affect on the accomplishment of pupils thenceforth, peculiarly those who unluckily have small ability and semen from disadvantaged backgrounds. Social Capital – Social Capital is an of import portion of Labour ‘s community coherence docket, foregrounding the shared values that can give rise to adhering within communities. Friendships in schools can develop from an early age bridging cultural, background and spiritual divides, which in bend can ensue in parents developing a regard of people as a effect of their kids ‘s new found associations. Possibly more accent should be placed on interrupting down the barriers between different fractions of society instead than activities such as school twinning. Human Capital – The acquisition of human capital will normally increase the life-time gaining capacity and employability of any person who acquires it, and finally it could be argued commanding the degree and distribution of income in society. In my commercial experience it is both profitable and productive to ship on both the preparation of immature people ( learners ) and more experient forces, supplementing their accomplishments guaranting they are kept in touch with modern fabricating techniques and engineerings. In add-on the trainee would usually profit from a feeling of being valued by the company and a sense of personal accomplishment, guaranting a greater consciousness of the benefits associated with success, taking to a thirst for increased personal development.Post war developments in instruction.Education in Britain as changed greatly since World War II, chiefly due to the 1944 Education Act which made a proviso for statutory secondary instruction for all. One of t he chief alterations it made was that the system of public instruction was reorganised in three progressive phases: primary, secondary and farther instruction. The school go forthing age was raised to fifteen and subsequently to sixteen. The educational system created by this Act had three chief characteristics: That there should be a division between primary and secondary instruction at the age of 11. That there should be three types of secondary schools designed to run into three different types of kids, viz. the grammar schools, the secondary proficient and the secondary modern schools. The appropriate school for a kid should be determined by trials at 11 old ages of age. On closer review instruction and its importance in national, political and economic footings have changed a great trade since so with each new authorities ; there have been tonss of good purposes, but in my sentiment excessively few enterprises taken to accomplish the ideal system. In his survey ‘Education in the Post-War Years ‘ ( 1988 ) Lowe remarks that politicians who were in favor of the tripartite system truly believed that such a differentiated secondary system offered the best instruction to disfavor kids. They saw the constitution of a cosmopolitan secondary school system and the elevation of the school go forthing age as the key to taking category differentiations. It was hoped that the 1944 Act would take to a greater flow of working category kids to grammar schools. The chief accomplishment of the 1944 Act was the effort to associate the degree of secondary instruction received by kids to degrees of their intelligence by excepting the fee-paying students from the grammar schools. In this manner entree to grammar schools would be limited to those who could go through the 11plus and those who failed would non be able to purchase their manner into the grammar schools. As was shown by M Sanderson in his survey ‘Educational chance and societal alteration in England ‘ ( 1987 ) , the distribution of chances was in a much closer relationship to that of ability than of all time before. Yet the difference in opportunities of acquiring to grammar school remained really broad across the spectrum of societal category. Children from the working categories had merely a 3rd of the likeliness of selective secondary instruction of the kids from the professional categories. There was non a unvarying national trial which led to differences and unfairness between different educational governments. A survey by Lowe ( 1988 ) shows that choice standards varied well between different educational governments and were ever determined by the handiness and non the demand for the grammar school topographic points. The whole primary course of study was distorted by training for the 11plus trial. In world the procedure of spliting kids into more and less able was taking topographic point non at 11 but at much earlier age of 8 or even 7. The more intensive instruction was invested in the upper watercourse and less able kids were frequently neglected The choice did non give a desirable consequence. By 1949 it began to emerge that about 20-25 per centum of the seemingly carefully selected grammar school students could non get by with an academic instruction and were go forthing schools early. Some modern secondary schools were more successful in footings of the scrutiny consequences than some grammar schools. Ample grounds was emerging that many really able kids whose ability developed strongly after the age of 10 were being misallocated by 11plus trials. This thesis from Another unfortunate consequence of choice was that some 70 per centum of all 11-year-old kids who went to the secondary modern schools started their secondary instruction with the stigma of holding failed the 11 plus. There was no clear construct of the secondary modern schools which were merely what was left after choosing the more able kids to the grammar and proficient schools. Young people were go forthing their schools at 16 without any recognized makings. The 3rd portion of the three-party construction, the secondary proficient schools, failed to happen. Secondary proficient schools took approximately 4 per cent of the kids compared with 70 per centum for the secondary modern and 20 per centum for the grammar schools. There were merely really few of them. The grammar schools with their academic values had a disproportionate prestigiousness compared with their proficient opposite numbers. The lone solution to this full job seemed to be get rid ofing choice at 11 and directing all the kids to the same school. In 1965 Round 10/65 was issued bespeaking Local Education Authorities to organize a system of comprehensive schools. By 1979 comprehensive schools become the prevailing province sector norm. However in my sentiment perfect equality of chance has non been achieved. First the staying grammar and independent schools still creamed off high ability in-between category kids cut downing comprehensive schools to secondary modern. Second, the comprehensive schools could non take those features of disadvantage in society which affected kids ‘s response to instruction. Comprehensive examinations did non widen cross-class friendly relationships nor did they widen the calling aspirations of working category kids. ‘The impression that societal constructions can be changed through educational reform is a broad myth ‘ . ( Sanderson, 1987 P 64 ) . The present comprehensive system made educational chances of working category kids even worse. In theory all comprehensive schools are equal, but in world schools situated in the more flush catchment countries became more academically orientated as more parents expected their kids to go on their instruction at University. As a consequence bright kids from the deprived countries are forced to go to schools that are unequal for their demands and unable to carry through their possible. The lone manner for them to be accepted to more academically orientated school is to travel to the ‘leafy lane ‘ country which is much more hard for a kid to make than to go through a 11 plus trial. There is an sentiment that such kids would hold benefited from returning to the selective system. Should the state return to the selective system? Clearly, present comprehensive system needs reforming, but on the other manus there is a organic structure of grounds against the three-party system. There are statements in favor and against either of these systems. The selective system provided a better instruction but merely for the minority. The comprehensive system seems to offer equal chances but has been accused of keeping back development of more able pupils. In my sentiment the solution lays in developing a system which would roll up strengths of both the selective and comprehensive thoughts. Educational systems should supply all kids with cognition and accomplishments which should assist them develop their possible and should fix them for their grownup life. I believe that the best manner to accomplish it is non to travel back to the old selective system, even though I was a merchandise of it, nor would it be wise to maintain the present ‘non selective ‘ system. In my sentiment kids should be selected into different groups but choice should non be made on the footing of different abilities or aptitudes, which has been proved hard if non impossible to mensurate, but on footing of accomplishment. I can conceive of a system where students are transferred along the educational ladder non in conformity with their age but in conformity with what they have learned. The scrutiny system should be designed in such a manner that it does non set unneeded emphasis on the pupils but it should be clear that they could non travel along earlier being able to demo solid cognit ion of the course of study. Such a system would give a wages and encouragement to the pupils that are really larning at school. It would let the more able students non to reiterate clip after clip what they already know but to analyze with the older pupils. In my sentiment kids that have non passed the standard trial for 11 old ages old at the terminal of the primary school should non be automatically transferred into secondary school but should remain in primary school for another twelvemonth. The purpose of the trial should non be about choosing the most able students but look intoing that every kid traveling to a secondary school acquired a basic cognition without which he or she would non be able to analyze farther, certainly so we would non be in the absurd place of holding to back up pupils in deriving makings in foundation accomplishments and using a choice process which fails to recognize GCSE ‘s at what of all time grade, asking an initial appraisal trial to guarantee pupils are able to come on. One of the advantages of the tripartite system was the effort, if non successful, to set up a system of the proficient schools. I think it is really of import to go on enlargement in this way and to develop different types of secondary schools. One type of school should hold more academic orientation and another one more proficient or vocational, in short get downing the work of vocational colleges in progress and leting successful pupils to come on earlier than would otherwise hold been possible. Both of them could be a portion of one comprehensive school. The determination on which school each peculiar kid is traveling to go to should be left to the parents and the kids. I believe that such system would be more merely and would give a better opportunity of quality instruction for all pupils irrespective of their societal position conglomerating in the patterned advance to a productive, profitable and carry throughing calling pick. My specialist country prepares pupils for a vocational calling where the development of accomplishments is paramount, this is an country which was scrutinised by Lord Leitch who was asked by the Government in 2004 to see what the UK ‘s long-run aspiration should be for developing accomplishments in order to maximize economic prosperity, productiveness and to better societal justness. Lord Leitch, placed great accent on the accomplishments docket, frequently referred to as the 'employer battle ‘ docket reflecting the Government ‘s belief in the importance of employer input. I must acknowledge to happening it hard to understand Lord Leitch ‘s theoretical account as the study itself contains no inside informations of the modeling that led him to his decisions, ( ‘working towards ‘ is in my sentiment non a mark at all ) , seting this aside I can merely travel with his findings one of which is the mark that 40 per cent of the 19-65 population should keep a flat 4 making by 2020. Lord Leitch adds, ‘This challenge is formidable. Skills affair basically for the economic and societal wellness of the UK. I have listened to identify stakeholders and high minds at place and abroad. There is consensus that we need to be much more ambitious and a clear message that the UK must ‘raise its game ‘ . ‘ . 2006. P 5 I feel strongly about the content of this study and hope that the marks are achieved. We can non be a state of service industries, more demands to be done to guarantee that we hack stuff out of the land, add value to it and sell it on at a net income, ok this is somewhat light-minded but the rule holds true. Education in the 60 ‘s in my sentiment was perceived as a agency of back uping the states economic prosperity instead than adding value to the pupil back uping them to carry through their dreams, aspirations and potency. The move to comprehensive schools accelerated in the 70 ‘s, guaranting the death of a big figure of grammar schools. Mrs Thatcher was Education Secretary at this clip, I think she did really small to better community respect and spirit relating to instruction, her first act was to get rid of free school milk for the over sevens, a going from the values of 1944. During the 80 ‘s instruction became more centralized with increased accent placed on parent engagement. The proviso of free school repasts was removed and The 1988 Education Act set out the National Curriculum, giving increased power to governors and the ability to choose out of Local Education Authority control. The intent of instruction in Britain in my sentiment has changed significantly since 1945 ; this I think has resulted in betterment for the bulk of pupils. However, if Britain is to do the most of its pupils, it is indispensable that alterations continue to be made so that the potency of pupils is both satisfied and increased.ProfessionalismLike many Teachers, I live and work among public retainers and professionals. Most of us I think work to function the public scrupulously. Many establishments enjoy first-class reputes and carry out outstanding work. Yet during recent times we have all found our reputes and public presentation doubted, we progressively hear that we are no longer trusted. Is this true? Of class non. The ground for this misgiving is non easy to understand, but it seams that the redress lies in countenances and bar. Government, establishments and professionals should be made more accountable and progressively this has become the instance. ‘the quest for greater answerability has penetrated all our lives, like great checkerss of Hieneken, making parts that purportedly less developed signifiers of answerability did non make ‘ . O'Neall, O ( 2002 ) . A Question of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 45. Professional pattern is deemed to be supported by new methods and demands, the answerability revolution may be achieved if this were so. In my sentiment I think it frequently obstructs the proper purposes of professional pattern. Examinations are more frequent later clip for larning psychiatrists. Professional pattern used to concentrate on interaction with those whom we serve, pupils. Now less clip is available due to increased signifier filling demands, record inside informations what we as instructors do, how and why we do it and if things go incorrect guarantee that we have the grounds to protect ourselves from what can be far-fetched ailments. Targets seem to be in a province of flux invariably being re-defined guaranting a changeless focal point on an establishments public presentation up the conference tabular array, instructors can either see these as demoralising and call for increased support, or to cite modern fabricating rhetoric ‘an chance to reflect ‘ . Serious and effectual answerability, I believe, needs to concentrate on good administration, an duty to state the truth and on intelligent answerability. O'Neall, O ( 2002 ) . A Question of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59. Professional pattern is to a great extent influenced by organisation construction, these can be many and varied, nevertheless normally a concern is organised by its maps, e.g. selling section, histories section and so on. This is because being grouped together allows the maps to profit from specialization and division of labor. This leads to take down unit costs and a greater efficiency, nevertheless it can intend that there is departmental competition. A tall administration has a larger figure of directors with a narrow span of control whilst a level administration has few directors with a broad span of control. A tall administration in my experience can endure from holding excessively many directors ( a immense disbursal ) and determinations can take a long clip to make the underside of the hierarchy, nevertheless a tall administration can supply good chances for publicity and the director does non hold to pass so much clip pull offing the staff. Castle College is presently traveling through a clip of alteration, one of which is organizational, one degree has disappeared and new places created. My sentiment is that it is a positive move leting determinations to be made faster and without the influence of ‘committee ‘ which normally ensures that information exchange is protracted and positive focussed way can be more hard to come by, merely clip ( and successful campaigners ) will state.DifferentiationWhen be aftering the distinction for the lessons I decided to follow the scheme of ‘Differentiation by Outcome ‘ suggested by ( Pollard, 2008 ) . This scheme involved pupils being differentiated based on the degree of understanding/knowledge they demonstrated when finishing set undertakings, lending to category treatments and replying directed inquiries. This links to my old recommendations associating to student advancement being limited to attainment of the needed degree prior to traveling on. It did non necessitate separate undertakings to be created for peculiar persons or groups of pupils. This method of distinction regards vocational instruction as 16 to 19 twelvemonth olds are non enthusiastic about being identified as different to their equals. The distinction worked as follows: More able students would expose a good apprehension of the constructs and be able to supply elaborate replies to the worksheets, category treatments and directed inquiries. Their replies will show clear illustrations and links to real-world scenarios. Less able students would demo less understanding of the constructs and might non be able to word their replies, verbally or written, to a standard appropriate to level two. Their replies may miss item and pupils may non be able to compare the constructs to real-world scenarios.Inclusion, equality diversenessCulture and acquisition are connected in of import ways. Early life experiences and a individual ‘s civilization impact both the results and procedures of acquisition. If this relationship is true, could we so assume that pupils who portion cultural features have common ways of acquisition? They are of import because we need all the information we can acquire to assist every pupil win in college. An apprehension of both civilization and acquisition manner differences is of import for all instructors. The relationship and values of the civilization in which a scholar is presently populating, or from which a scholar has roots, and the learning outlooks and experiences in the schoolroom is straight related to the scholar ‘s success academically, socially, and emotionally. It is of import to back up scholars in every manner in category or in its milieus. Having a schoolroom clime is one measure to back uping a scholar. The room needs to be of three climes, relaxed, warm and supportive. If the coach is relaxed so the pupils in the schoolroom feel relaxed and may non even think of misconducting. Warmth can be seen by the pupil when the instructor is showing their kindness, for illustration ‘do you need any aid? ‘ in a soft relaxed tone. Supportive significance promoting the pupils to run into their results and giving prompt and accurate feedback. By being there for the pupils and back uping them through hard undertakings is merely manner to go through on the cognition and accomplishments that the instructor possesses even if you are mentoring. Presentation is the cardinal word particularly if I ‘m carry oning practical training/learning. However Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs makes the point that the lower demands are identified first before lifting upwards measure by measure. The purpose of inclusive instruction is certainly to promote colleges to reconsider learning attacks and pupil groupings so that they support and respond to the demands of all students ( Farrell, 2000 P 77 ) . An inclusive schoolroom is one where the demands of all students are taken into history and single differences are valued, irrespective of societal or cultural backgrounds, disablement or larning troubles. The factors impacting inclusive instruction are huge and include curriculum content and administration, attitudes of staff and students, quality of instruction, criterions of attending and behavior ( Alban-Metcalfe & A ; Alban-Metcalfe, 2001: 21 ) . It is the duty of both colleges and instructors to develop the best possible environment for all pupils, and how inclusive a peculiar college is, is non easy to estimate. Richards ( 1999: P 99 ) believes it can merely be achieved by colleges that are committed to maximizing inclusion and understating exclusion. I believe and understand all students have the right to be educated along with their equals in mainstream college. However, my college experiences to day of the month hold resulted in assorted sentiments about the extent of inclusion. It is of import to province that this is non from a damaging position point, merely a practical one. From my observations a category may dwell of many students with differing particular acquisition demands and many more that are categorised as ‘normal ‘ . I have on a regular basis observed students who become disengaged because they do non understand the work or are frustrated by having small support. This frequently manifests itself in unruly behaviour and in utmost instances big parts of a lesson can be disrupted for the whole category. If the student had been given the attending and support they require so in some instances the hapless behavior may hold been averted. I believe pull offing the behavior of students in the schoolroom is freq uently polar to the acquisition experience which the bulk of them receive. Van Acker & A ; Wehby ( 2000: 93 ) believe â€Å" some of the greatest concerns expressed by pedagogues throughout this state affect happening ways to efficaciously turn to the demands of pupils who display disputing behavior within the school scene † . Van Acker, R. W. , & A ; Wehby, J.H. ( 2000 ) . Researching the societal contexts act uponing pupil success or failure. Michigan. Heldref Publications I have besides observed students in lessons continuously struggle because the instructor merely does non hold the clip to give them the extra support they require. When this occurs, what make these students gain from being in big, diverse groups? In my sentiment they are being disadvantaged by being denied specializer, segregated proviso. I can see both positive and negatives, rules and practicalities of inclusion but unluckily I can see no ideal solution. Possibly an instruction which involves a mixture of both mainstream and specializer instruction would be best. Teachers now had direct duty for their students larning. We are in a cardinal place to detect SEN students ‘ responses in category and should recognize scholars who are sing troubles in larning. We should seek out different learning methods to assist run into their demands. In add-on instructors should be encouraged to maintain full records of their students ‘ advancement to include information about professional audiences and appraisals.The pupil ‘s positionWhatever we choose to make as instructors, we must get down with the pupils ‘ ain position of things. What do they cognize, or think they know, about the subject? A What distinctions do they do, and what values do they put on these distinctions? A Journeys ever get down where you are. We must accommodate non merely to the pupils ‘ apprehension of the subject, but to their apprehension of the world.A Some will hold more experience of methods of problem-solving or creativeness or have more general background to pull from. We ca n't take these things for granted. Besides portion of this background are their native abilities, whether genuinely familial or merely learned at a stamp age, A rapid versus slow capacity for acquisition, learned or congenital energy degrees etc. In other words, we must be cognizant of all those assorted and contrastive things we frequently label intelligence. The inquiry remains ( and it is a hard one ) : A How make we as instructors become cognizant of the pupils ‘ position? A One reply is to prove them.A We have arrived at the point where we see trials as feedback instead than strictly appraising instruments.A But why non see trials as feedback for the instructor? A Sadly, many instructors see hapless trial public presentation merely as indicants of a deficiency on the pupil ‘s part.A I believe that it ‘s clip for these instructors to get down taking some of the duty. There are for pupils and instructors, more immediate and continual signifiers of feedback.A Teaching is an interaction, and if you are cognizant of pupils ‘ responses to your presentation, you will have of import information, their understanding.A If they laugh when you expect them to, look puzzled when you expect them to ; inquire inquiries when you expect them to, and so on, it is at least more likely that you and they are â€Å" in sync. † But we can be more direct, A we can ask.A We can inquire them for their positions, inquire them if they understand, ask for illustrations, and inquire them to explicate to others ( for in learning we learn ‘ ) , and so on.A Education should be a mutual procedure. If you are non larning something in your categories, your outlooks will doubtless non be met.Trials and feedbackSome things, such as larning to drive a auto, give immediate and continual feedback: A When you do n't maneuver decently, you wind up on the paving or worse.A The impulsive trial that comes afterwards is non intended to be feedback to better acquisition ; it is intended to maintain incompetent drivers off the roads.A Video and computing machine games likewise provide immediate and continual feedback, so parents rarely need to promote their kids to pattern harder at the Nintendo.A The engagement turns what might otherwise be construed as the rote acquisition of eye-hand coordination, into something meaningful. I do n't cognize that much academic rote acquisition could easy be converted into video games.A Frequent, informal â€Å" quizzing † — true nowhere near every bit much merriment as Pacman — provides good feedback.A With computing machines, feedback can be used to change lessons to stress pattern of weak accomplishments, as in many of the typing-tutor plans. But, with non-rote, per se meaningful acquisition, feedback can surely be made more immediate and continual by prosecuting pupils in meaningful undertakings and simulations.A If the stuff is without uncertainty meaningful, the pupil will be per se motivated to make better, which in bend means he or she will be motivated to notice and even seek out elaborate feedback.A In other words, if you care about what you ‘re making, â€Å" proving † takes attention of itself. The most of import feedback is really from my pupils themselves. For illustration, what aspects of their acquisition are they basking or how are they reacting to the acquisition stuffs and resource that they are using. Feedback must be given in order to come on to competence and the pupil has a right to give feedback excessively. Reece and Walker write: â€Å" Alternatively, you can inquire pupils themselves what sort of feedback they want. If it is what they have asked for, they will be motivated to take it more earnestly. They are in the best place to cognize what their troubles are and to judge what sort of feedback is helpful. † ( Reece and Walker, 2000, p470 ) .Measuring acquisition, measuring instructionIn order to measure scholars, grounds of public presentation and cognition is required. It is of import to be clear what the cardinal difference is between grounds and appraisal. Although the two footings are frequently considered to be virtually synonymous when used in common linguistic communication, they have radically different intensions when used in an educational or developing context. By appraisal we mean those activities that are designed to mensurate learner achievement brought approximately as a consequence of an instructional programme of some kind. Evaluation, on the other manus, refers to a series of activities that are designed to mensurate the effectivity of the instructional system or a subdivision or constituent thereof. Clearly, the two procedures are reasonably closely related, since the consequences of pupil appraisal constitute one of the most of import sets of informations that should be taken into history in the rating of any class or course of study. Both are besides closely related to the educational objectives/learning results of the class or course of study, since they are both fundamentally concerned with finding the extent to which these have ( or have non ) been achieved. Feedback obtained from the consequences of decently designed appraisal and rating processs frequently demonstrates a demand for alterations in the aims or larning results of the class or course of study, every bit good as in the methods adopted for seeking to accomplish these. ‘Assessment helps kids learn by supplying them with feedback so they know what they have achieved and how they can better ; enabling them to judge and take duty for their ain acquisition ; supplying encouragement ; and assisting to develop the accomplishments of womb-to-tomb larning ‘ ( Pollard, 2008: 392 ) . All assessment patterns should be just, valid, dependable and appropriate to the degree of award being offered. Assessment should be undertaken merely by suitably qualified staff, who have been adequately trained and briefed, and given regular chances to update and heighten their expertness as assessors. Programme suppliers should guarantee that elaborate and up to day of the month records on pupil advancement are kept. Throughout a programme of survey, pupils should have prompt and helpful feedback about their public presentation and advancement in relation to larning outlooks and assessment standards so that they can suitably direct their subsequent acquisition activities. ‘If scholars do n't cognize what they are seeking to make, they are most improbable to make it! ‘ ( Petty, 2004:451 ) Evidence in my specialist country is produced by the campaigner as a consequence of work done and knowledge shown. Appraisal is the procedure of look intoing this grounds against the criterions and it includes checking by detecting work done, look intoing the completed work and inquiring inquiries to corroborate cognition and apprehension. Institutions should do agreements for pupils at all degrees, including those who study at a distance or in a parttime manner, to be given clear information about the relationship between accomplishment appraisal, academic advancement and accretion of recognition. To guarantee that my scholar ‘s demands are being addressed, they are continually assessed throughout their class. This ensures that the scholar is accommodating good to session and learning methods and that they are appropriate for their single demands. Ongoing re-assessment of session bringing and instruction methods are ever addressed and up-dated, so that the scholar ‘s demands are being met. For those scholar ‘s that require teaching/learning AIDSs to be developed otherwise, there will be one to one support given alongside of their preparation clip, ( see Appendix 1, Scheme of Work ) . When there are scholar ‘s that have identified acquisition demands, most Sessionss will be adapted, for case authorship on a white board, for those who need aid with spelling and appropriate and altered press releases given for those that find it hard to follow a taught session, whilst holding to take notes at the same clip. In contrast, summational appraisals are normally undertaken at the terminal of a period of larning in order to bring forth a class that reflects the pupil ‘s public presentation. Summational appraisal is traditionally used at the terminal of a module/course/topic and contributes to the scholar ‘s concluding award. It can be hard make up one's minding whether single scholars have met the specified standards contained within the appropriate national models. First, the instructor must guarantee the lesson being taught is in line with the appropriate national model. Second the instructor must make up one's mind upon the appraisal standard which will be used to find if pupils have reached the expected acquisition results. Third they must take how best to measure the students, to guarantee that each student is assessed to a satisfactory degree and no 1 is overlooked. This assessment procedure involves a combination of both subjective and nonsubjective information. The advice given in the National Curriculum for utilizing flat forms is that instructors should judge which description best fits the pupil ‘s public presentation. I provide single campaigners with elaborate feedback on how they performed, and, in peculiar, allow them cognize how and where they went incorrect in any country where they failed to show competency. We so discourse how we are traveling to set these issues right, an action program is agreed and a reappraisal day of the month is documented and signed by both the campaigner and myself. I hold a tracking papers bespeaking the advancement of all campaigners at any one clip. All records are completed with the input and understanding of the campaigner and signed and dated ( in pen ) by both of us at the clip to bespeak this understanding. ( Appendix 2 ) . Individual pieces of work are assessed and a feedback sheet is completed, this acts as a reminder for the pupil and a prompt for me when reexamining the content of the submitted work during feedback to the pupil. ( Appendix 3 ) .RecordsAs in all appraisal processes, the importance of record maintaining can non be understated they must be used in order to advance dependability and cogency of appraisal in a manner that is crystalline to all involved. In kernel, accurate and comprehensive records promote transparence – where anyone involved in the procedure, or utilizing the results of appraisal, should be able to see clearly how and why the determination was made. When judging me as a trainee instructor, assessors may happen it helpful to see, for illustration: make my records provide a footing for puting or reexamining larning aims? Make my records enable clear feedback to be given to scholars on strengths and countries for betterment in their work, observing accomplishments and assisting students to cognize what they need to make and how they can better? Are my records easy understood by other co-workers who need to cognize in some item about students ‘ advancement and degrees of accomplishment? Do their records supply a sound footing on which they, or others, can pull to show accurate studies on students ‘ advancement and attainment? Records that we as an Engineering Department maintain include tutor observations, staff development programs, reappraisals of attendance/retention/ accomplishment informations, registries, exam consequences records, records of initial appraisal, moderator studies, scholars work, proceedingss of meetings, scholar questionnaires and single scholar programs. These records are used in order to fix the section SAR. Castle College similar to any other suppliers involved with funded bringing has to bring forth an annualA Self Assessment Report. In add-on, they besides have to bring forth a Quality Improvement Plan whichA must be reviewed sporadically and we must supply grounds that this has taken topographic point. The College dainty these SAR and QIP asA critical planning tools and public presentation indexs designed to implement and pull off alteration. Measuring the success of scholars is at the bosom of self-assessment, but it is besides really much about measuring how good the demands of employers and scholars are being met and the active publicity of equal chances and wellness and safety. Self-assessment besides makes clear suppliers ‘ capacity to convey approximately betterment and their success in making so. ‘The chief duty for quality betterment remains with suppliers themselves. The Government looks to all suppliers to follow schemes for procuring uninterrupted betterment as many already do. These schemes should be based on self-assessment and action planning ( including mark scene ) and reacting and moving upon scholar feedback and ailments ‘ . ( LSC, May 2005, p. 5 ) . It is indispensable that uninterrupted records are kept of every scholar ‘s demand of any particular characteristics, medical conditions, public presentation and behavior, which may act upon future educational proviso. Such information will be peculiarly of import at the transportation phase and on other occasions when a student moves from one class to another within the college, this information is besides made available to the scholar should they bespeak the information, for illustration, to finish a mention.CollaborationI am fortunate that the technology squad to which I am affiliated has high degrees of reflexiveness – we tend to openly reflect upon the squad ‘s aims, schemes, and procedures and accommodate them to current or awaited fortunes, working through things and assisting each other as and when required. This can besides be said of my class co-workers who continue to supply input, work in coaction to discourse thoughts, theories and bring forth group wo rk, one of which was a presentation on Globalisation in Education which looked at the how and why we need to fix our pupils to be competitory in the twenty-first century ( see appendix 1 ) . ‘Teaching demands teamwork. We need to larn from each other, assist each other, and act as a consort if our pupils are to profit to the full ‘ . ( Geoff Petty, Teaching Today, page 481 ) .DecisionAll of the above information is non to add extra duty to the instructor but to stress the function he or she plays and the statute law, bureaucratism and unusual demands that have to be accommodated in order to guarantee support and certificating organic structures are satisfied. Of class, supportive decision makers and parents, a relevant course of study and appropriate stuffs facilitate the instructor ‘s duties. Yet it is the instructor who spends a great trade of clip with the scholars supplying hints about the scholar ‘s accomplishments, civilization, and larning possible, this surely emphasises the polar function the instructor plays in the instruction and the future potency of the pupils he or she supports.BibliographyLearning Skills Council, 2005. Quality betterment and self-assessment. LSC-P-NAT-050365, 5. Lord Leitch ( 2006 ) . Prosperity for all in the planetary economic system – universe category accomplishments. Norwich: The Stationary Office. 5. Petty, G. ( 2004 ) . Teaching today. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Limited. Pollard, A. ( 2008 ) . Brooding Teaching Third Edition. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Walker, I. R. ( 2003 ) . Teaching, Training and Learning. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Limited. Van Acker, R. W. , & A ; Wehby, J.H. ( 2000 ) . Researching the societal contexts act uponing pupil success or failure. Michigan. Heldref Publications