Definition and Examples of Function Words in English

In English grammar, a function word is a  word that expresses a grammatical or structural relationship with other words in a sentence. In contrast to a content word, a function word has little or no meaningful content. Nonetheless, as Ammon Shea points out, the fact that a word does not have a readily identifiable meaning does not mean that it serves no purpose. Function words are also known as: structure wordsgrammatical wordsgrammatical functorsgrammatical morphemesfunction morphemesform wordsempty words According to James Pennebaker, function words account for less than one-tenth of 1 percent of your vocabulary but  make up  almost 60 percent of the words you use. Content Words vs. Function Words Function words include determiners,  conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words. Content words are words with specific meanings, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and main verbs (those without helping verbs.) In the sentence, The sly brown fox jumped gracefully over the lazy dog and cat, the content words are: fox, dog,  and cat (nouns)sly, brown, and lazy (adjectives)gracefully (adverb)jumped (main verb) Function words include: the (determiner)over (preposition)and (conjunction) Even though the function words dont have concrete meanings, sentences would make a lot less sense without them. Determiners Determiners are words such as articles (the, a), possessive pronouns (their, your), quantifiers (much), demonstratives (that, those), and numbers. They function as adjectives to modify nouns and go in front of a noun to show the reader whether the noun is specific or general, such as in that  coat (specific) vs. a coat (general).   Articles: a, an, theDemonstratives:  that, this, those, thesePossessive pronouns: my, your, their, our, ours, whose, his, hers, its, which  Quantifiers: some, both, most, many, a few, a lot of, any, much, a little, enough, several, none, all Conjunctions Conjunctions connect parts of a sentence, such as items in a list, two separate sentences, or clauses and phrases to a sentence. In the previous sentence, the conjunctions are or and and. Conjunctions: and, but, for, yet, neither, or, so, when, although, however, as, because, before   Prepositions Prepositions begin prepositional phrases, which contain nouns and other modifiers. Prepositions function to give more information about nouns. In the phrase the river that flows through the woods. The prepositional phrase is through the woods, and the preposition is through. Prepositions: in, of, between, on, with, by, at, without, through, over, across, around, into, within Pronouns Pronouns are words that stand in for nouns. Their antecedent needs to be clear, or your reader will be confused. Take Its so difficult as an example. Without context, the reader has no idea what it refers to. In context, Oh my gosh, this grammar lesson, he said. Its so difficult, the reader easily knows that it refers to the lesson, which is its noun antecedent. Pronouns: she, they, he, it, him, her, you, me, anybody, somebody, someone, anyone Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. They pair with a main verb to change tense, such as when you want to express something in present continuous tense (I am walking), past perfect tense (I had walked), or future tense (I am going to walk there).   Auxiliary verbs: be, is, am, are, have, has, do, does, did, get, got, was, were Modals Modal verbs express condition or possibility. Its not certain that something is going to happen, but it might. For example, in If I could have gone with you, I would have, modal verbs include could and would. Modals: may, might, can, could, will, would, shall, should Qualifiers Qualifiers function like adverbs and show the degree of an adjective or verb, but they have no real meaning themselves. In the sample sentence, I thought that somewhat new dish was pretty darn delicious, the qualifiers are somewhat and pretty. Qualifiers:  very, really, quite, somewhat, rather, too, pretty (much) Question Words Its easy to guess what function that question words have in English. Besides forming questions, they can also appear in statements, such as in I dont know how  in the world that happened, where the question word is how. Question words: how, where, what, when, why, who Sources Shea, Ammon Shea. Bad English. TarcherPerigee, 2014, New York.Pennebaker, James. The Secret Life of Pronouns. Bloomsbury Press, 2011, New York.

Virtual Reality And Artificial Intelligence - 1180 Words

The emergence of technologies such as virtual reality and artificial intelligence has led to the development of anxiety within the modern Western technological culture. Transhuman theorists now contend that human beings are at the brink of arresting their evolution by creating a more advanced post-human soon. Many individuals see this advancement with both curiosities about its potential and worries about the impact of the same potential. This advertisement reveals the development of a breakthrough in human existence today: humanopreserver. The humanopreserver is a new technology that aims to save the lives of humans by exposing their bodies to temperatures that are so cold that individuals who cannot benefit from today s technology are preserved until a later date when a cure is found. Such a technology sounds like fiction, but its essence is based on modern day science. Based on my research, I have come to the realization that death is caused by changes that occur when the chemistry of a person becomes so disorganized that normal operation cannot be resumed. Considering the above it is no wonder that human embryos can be preserved for extended periods at temperatures that bring the chemistry of life to a complete stop. Besides, biology dictates that people (adults) have the capacity to survive cooling temperatures that can halt the normal functioning of the brain, heart, and all other organs for one hour, at most. Deducing from these studies, we can come to theShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Spiritual Machines1299 Words   |  6 Pagesbook The Age of Spiritual Machines, explores how advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century will benefit mankind as human lives integrate with machines. 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Two ears are better than one Free Essays

Introduction Fancy yourself as a musical maestro†¦so you think you know your music†¦did you know?†¦.music has been changed with the evolution of mankind , for example tribal drumming progressed into melodic tunes with vocals. Whether you like Rihanna or Elton John, music is of personal choice and ‘taste’. We will write a custom essay sample on Two ears are better than one or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music choice can also depend on personal experiences for instance if one is to experience feelings of love they will listen to love songs as they can relate to the meaning of the lyrics it has been proven that music can alter moods. It has been proven listening to music activates different parts of the brain, in which both serotonin and dopamine are released. These hormones are responsible for causing pleasurable feelings similar to those of eating chocolates or even having orgasms. Although the reminiscence of a song can have a have a positive influence on emotions, it can also have the opposite effect and make you feel sad. Have you ever wondered why listening to a specific song can bring back memories that associated with that song†¦this is because music has that ability to take you back in time, which makes it useful for studying and learning. For those of you having difficulty learning a new language, try listening to a song in that language to improve your vocabulary†¦and who said learning isn’t be fun!!! . Also it has been found music stimulates brainwaves to synchronize with the beat – a faster beat encourages alertness and concentration while a slower beat calms, relaxes and creates a meditative state. So depending on your needs, music can enhance every activity and balance every mood. There are many different aspects of music; pitch, rhythm, melody and stereo sound, they all play individual roles in how music is perceived in the human brain. Modern technology has allowed for further research in to these areas. Most people have probably heard of the first three aspects but what is stereo sound†¦stereo sound is what gives music it sense of ‘realness’ it creates the illusion of sound heard from different directions, as one would hear in natural hearing. For instance if listening to an advert on the radio one will be able to sense if the voice is nearer or further away. Did you know†¦ The first radio broadcast using stereo was done by the BBC in 1925. However stereo sound was established much earlier by Clement Ader in 1881 when he placed two microphones on a stage. Surprisingly it was Walk Disney’s film called Fantasia, a cartoon released in 1940, which was the first commercial film which used stereophonics. Nowadays stereophonics is essential in any film. The use of stereophonic grew and record labels began to tape in stereo, which made the first stereophonic discs available to people in 1958. So as mentioned above Stereo sound is used in broadcasting, so let’s talk about the radio†¦..what’s the difference between FM and AM radio†¦.stereophonics use a complex system which has certain requirements. Given that the AM receivers are very restricted in number AM radios can almost never use stereophonics. On the other hand FM radio is able to use stereophonic sound. With time AM radio stations are adapting and have been looking into digital radio which would then be able to implement stereophonics It is also used in Television various modulation schemes are used in different parts of the world to broadcast more than one sound channel. These are sometimes used to provide two mono sound channels that are in different languages, rather than stereo. Multichannel television sound is used mainly America So how is this 3D style sound possibleNow concentrate because here’s the clever part †¦..To achieve stereo sound two microphones have to be placed in separate places and both record at the same time. Because of where the microphones are placed even thought they both recorded the same sound, the time that the sound arrives will be different. These small differences are picked up in the brain which helps the person to establish where a sound is coming from. This phenomenon can only be achieved when two speakers are used. Have you ever wondered when listening to music why it feels as though the sound is in your head†¦when you use earphones you cannot determine certain cues due to the pinna. Therefore a device known as Head-Related Transfer Function (HRFT) is used to make the music sound external. The HRFT changes the sound before it arrives at the eardrum, this allows for the person to establish where a sound is coming from. Pump up the jam!!!†¦.more like pump down the jam. It is easy to forget using headphones at a sufficiently high volume level can cause temporary problems or permanent deafness due to the â€Å"masking† effect. This occurs went the volume of music is so high that it competes with your surroundings, for example in train stations. The ears become indifferent to the detrimental effects of listening to music at a high volume. Having two ears does not mean our hearing is limited to two directions,they can locate sounds in three dimensions – in range (distance), in direction above and below, in front and back, as well as to either side. The brain, inner ear and the external ears (pinna) help locate sound this is called spatial hearing All the above information might be confusing to get your head ‘around’ at once, so in simpler terms stereo sound is based entirely upon the principles spatial hearing get it?†¦.and for those of you who have forgotten what spatial hearing is†¦.spatial hearing is what makes us hear in 3D. So why do we need spatial hearing?†¦..well most importantly we need it assess danger for instance hearing somebody creeping up behind you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦also if you were at a party, spatial information effectively allows people to â€Å"zoom in† on a particular signal of interest. This has been demonstrated in a multitude of studies. Kidd et al presented a target speech signal from one of three loudspeakers placed horizontally in front of their subjects. From the other two loudspeakers, very similar competing speech signals were presented. Under these challenging conditions, knowing the spatial location of the target signal strongly aided the subjects’ ability to recall it. Another study by Cameron et al on children with auditory processing disorders concluded â€Å"†¦ of those children with auditory processing disorder APD, there may be a high proportion who have deficits in the binaural processing mechanisms that normally use the spatial distribution of sources to suppress unwanted signals.†In simpler term, they argued that normally perceived spatial cues help suppress secondary signals, such as background noise. This research has shown spatial information and spatial hearing are highly important, not only for the purpose of sound localization, but for speech recognition in challenging acoustic environments with multiple competing signals. Where in the brain does all this happen then†¦..an fmri study by Colline Poirier et al found that V5 which is found in the visual cortex is activated by auditory motion processing Studies by a young scientist called Sam Irving have maybe helped us identify where in the brain spatial hearing may occur, The oxford study in which participants were placed in â€Å"ring of sound† where a sound is played from one of 12 speakers placed in a circle around the subject their response is monitored to see if they can detect which speaker the sound is coming from. People with normal hearing are very good at this and have excellent spatial hearing. The participants where then given an ear plug to wear on one side in which they were tested to see how well their hearing would cope in such conditions. At first the participants found it difficult to identify where the noise was coming from, but after a couple of days, the participants began to regain their ability to hear, and got the same results as they did without earplugs. This experiment was also done on ferrets, and the results were the same as humans. It has been thought by Irving that OCB, the Olivocochlear Bundle, which is a part of the brain that we know, is a centre of feedback information being transmitted from the brain back to the ear, maybe responsible for spatial hearing. As discussed earlier, music has an effect on the brain although many are unknown. Research suggests that music relaxes people’s moods, long after the actual music stops. It’s as if a memory of the relaxation is imprinted on the brain. Music has also been shown to help people prepare for surgery and heal faster. When patients listen to relaxing music, their breathing deepens, more oxygen is transported throughout the body, and there is a secretion of serotonin in the brain which stabilizes moods. As previously mentioned music is known to be a form of stress relief. Due to technological advances, it has now become easier to incorporate music into our daily lives, using devices such as car radios/CD players, iPods and mobile phones etc. However these devices are not as effective as stereophonic sound as they use monophonic (single) speakers, so the sound is not as realistic thus not having the same stress relieving affects Stereophonic although it is taken for granted, and not generally thought about by most individuals. Stereophonic sound has proven to be very beneficial, as it is used in our everyday lives, whether it’s listening to hip hop/pop or reggae music in the car, or watching easterners in the evening, these tasks would not be possible without stereo sound. References Behrens T. Spatial hearing in complex sound environments: clinical data. Hearing Review.2008; 15(3):94?102. Cameron S, Dillon H, Newall P. The listening in spatialized noise test: an auditory processing disorder study. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006;17:306?320. Blauert J. Spatial Hearing—The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization. Cambridge, Mass:The MIT Press; 1983. Bronkhorst AW. The cocktail party phenomenon: a review of research on speech intelligibility in multiple?talker conditions. Acta Acust Acust. 2000;86:117?128. Laske R.D., et al., 2009. Subjective and Objective results after bilateral cochlear implantation in adults. Otol Neurotol. Vol. 30. pp.313-316 Kidd G Jr, Arbogast TL, Mason CR, Gallun FJ. The advantage of knowing where to listen. J Acoust Soc Am. 2005;118:3804?3815. Schneider BA, Li L, Daneman M. How competing speech interferes with speech comprehension in everyday listening situations. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007;18:559?572. How to cite Two ears are better than one, Essay examples

The Harlem Renaissance John Birks Gillespie and Selma Burke free essay sample

The Harlem Renaissance was a time of great accomplishments among African Americans. Mary works of art, poetry, and music during this time became notable even to today. Two very inspiring people of this time period were John Barks Gillespie and Selma Burke. John Barks Dizzy Gillespie was born on October 21, 1917 in Cherry, South Carolina. He was the youngest of nine children. His father, James Gillespie, was a bricklayer and a musician on the side. His mother, Little Pope Gillespie, was a house wife and a full time mother.By the age of 12, Gillespie had experience In playing the IANA and hoped to someday Join the school band. He flirts started playing the trombone but switched to the trumpet because he liked the sound better. His family struggled with poverty after his father died when he was ten. This prevented him from getting his own instrument. Although, through his struggles, he still managed to be a very skilled trumpet player but only in one key. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harlem Renaissance: John Birks Gillespie and Selma Burke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He earned a scholarship to Laurelling Tech in North Carolina. He studied theory and harmony and decided that music would be his profession.While Gillespie was with the Frankie Fairfax band, the band leader, Fats Palmer, jokingly gave Dizzy his name. Gillespie played In several musical groups Including the Teddy Hill Orchestra (1 937), the Cab Galloway Band (1939), and the Earl Hines Band (1941). He had many distinctive characteristics about himself that became his trademarks. His most popular trademarks were his ballooning cheeks, upturned horn, and fun personality. To earn more money, he wrote arrangements for other bands. Including one of his first arrangements, Planck the Cabbage, written for Cab Galloway. In the sass, with the help of Charlie Parker, Theologies Monk, and Kenny Clarke, Gillespie created a new genre of music called bebop. At first, many musicians did not take to the new form of music. But after playing with popular musicians, including Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Elongating, and many more, Gillespie founded his own band in 1945. In 1947 Gillespie made songs synthesized with bebop and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Some of these songs become best-sellers, like the song Cuban Be, Cuban Bop. Gillespie band made Its official debut at Carnegie Hall In September of 1947 (Smith, 459).He continued to refine bebop and in 1956 the U. S. Department of State asked Gillespie to represent the country and take a band on a tour of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East (Smith, 459). Gillespie continued making music and performing up to 300 shows a year. In 1988 his new band recorded Dizzy Gillespie and the united Nations orchestra: Live at Royal Festival Hall in London which won a Grammar Award in 1 991 . He won two more Grammas before that in 1975 and 1980. In IEEE was honored with a year-long diamond Jubilee for his 50 years of performance and his 75th birthday (Smith, 460).He performed for four presidents and won the prestigious Kennedy Center Award. Gillespie also wrote an autobiography called To Be Or Not to Bob Memoirs published 1 OFF remembered for his amazing talent and great personality by all whom he loved and inspired. Another notable African American during this time was Selma burke, an inspiring artist and sculptor. Selma Hornets Burke was born on December 31, 1900 in Impressible, North Carolina. She was one of ten children of Neal and Mary Jackson Burke. Her love for art started when she was quite young.Her father was a minister that traveled the world and when hed come back from overseas he would bring traditional fine art objects along with him. Burke also had two uncles who also traveled mostly to Africa. They brought back lots of traditional religious African figures and masks which were given to the Burkes after their deaths. Therefore, African art was one of Salaams first references to art (Whine, 191). Burke attended the only black elementary school in the Washington, D. C. Area. Unfortunately, the school offered no encouragement for the arts.She, instead, was mom schooled by William Arial, a white man who also encouraged her love for art. She later attended Winston-Salem High School and her mother urged her to get a practical education. So she went to SST. Agnes School of Nursing and became a registered nurse in 1924. After moving and continuing her education in nursing, Burke married Duran Woodward who eleven months later, died of blood poisoning. She became a personal nurse for a wealthy Otis Elevator heiress and was pretty much unaffected by the Great Depression.Burke moved to New York in 1935 and took on a modeling Job and co-wrote the Liberator with Claude McKay. In 1938, she spent a year in Europe learning about different techniques and arts. After that she pursued a professional degree in sculpture at Columbia University. She graduated with an M. F. A. In 1941 and even got a chance to show her work at the McMillan Galleries in New York City. But during World War II, Burke Joined the Ana but was hospitalized after a back injury. She later entered a competition to create a profile portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944.She had multiple private sit-downs with the president himself to get the rarity Just right. She wanted this to be the best piece of sculpture I had ever done (Whine, 192). She created a 36 by 26 bronze plaque in profile with the four freedoms listed along the top. It was put in the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington, D. C. The plaque was revealed by Frederick Weaver on September 24, 1945. John R. Session, the man who designed Roosevelt profile on the dime, use Salaams plaque as a main reference. Burke taught at many schools throughout her life. She even got remarried and moved to Pennsylvania.

Small Business Centre Essay Example

Small Business Centre Essay Target AudiencePeople buying dettol/want to know more about the Dettol websiteStudents who want to go on the forumPeople who are provided a service via AOL i.e. Internet service.For people that want to find out more aboutMicrosoft Small BusinessesSuitability to purposeSuitable because Dettol is written clearly with appropriate font. The blue and green contrast very well and the white sword is vivid.Suitable as it is a forum, a chatting website; hence the speech bubbles surrounding each word. Different intensities of the colour blue contrast really well with the chatty, informal white font.Suitable the name is clearly addressed in capitals, with the logo accompanying it.Straightforward, the same Microsoft logo isPortrayed through-out the site, the only thing that is changed isthe subtitle of the section (Small Business Specialist).ImpactHard to miss. Thick white outlining makes the name stand out.Use of speech bubbles detonates that is a forum. The size of the bubble is dependant on the word.Very good. The same colour is pertinent, different intensities are used to give different contrasts. Symbolising the sea of the internet.White, bold outlining clearly marksThe Microsoft logo whilst the sub-heading allows viewersTo recognise which part of the website they are viewing.Size details3.12KB108*97 Pixels2.34KB119*73 Pixels1.77KB100*69 Pixels2.58KB133*57 PixelsPos./neg.Pos: Easy to identifyNeg: Neutral impactPos.: Fit for purposeNeg.: Uneasy to identify i.e. no catchy initials etcPos.: ColloquialNeg.: Merged to something on site i.e. isnt easily implementedPos.: Professional, consistentNeg.: Boring the same colour and font-style are used.Advertising bannersSource : http://www.howstuffworks.com/Date : 12th Sep. 08Purpose: To advertise PGi Fax 2 Mail on a diversely used website.Suitability: Suitable as howstuffworks is a FREE website thus advertising pays up the funds it costs to run it.Impact: Excellent impact as it captures the viewers attention as soon as the web site loads. Viewers cannot miss it.Pos: Appropriate situation on the website i.e. doesnt disrupt other functions of the website.Neg: Interrupts the sites navigation bar options, i.e. a user may click money and choose an option from there but accidently clicks on the advert.Size: Good only takes up a small proportion of the homepage. ~299*195 Pixels; 7.91KBSource: http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/home Date: 12th Sep. 08Purpose: To advertise BT and computer products on TSR.Suitability: Suitable as TSR is the home for students, mainly University, who are very likely to buy products like these.Impact: For unregistered users, both adverts are displayed simultaneously on the homepage; the top banner automatically catches the viewers attention, whilst the other banner catches their attention as they scroll down.Size (in order): ~733*93 pixels; 10.6KB. ~297*261KB 11.6KBPos: Easily noticed.Neg: The way that they are repetitious and the same banner is displayed on every part of the site can b e putting-off for most users.Size: Compact snugs in well with the website as a whole. Top banner is displayed on every page and does not disturb the users activities.1)2)Source: http://www.sky.com/ Date: 11th Sep 2008.Purpose: To advertise for sky motoringSuitability: Suitable as the advice is being advertised on the service provider itself.Impact: Gives the advice endorsers name in this case RAC (a big name in terms of car tips, insurance, etc), increasing the probability of a person clicking. The isolated region makes the viewer question themselves if they were in such a situation.Size: Small does not restrain bandwidth. ~469*59 pixels; 9.15KBPos.: Noticeable, yet not annoying to users as it is small and located at the top; it does not interrupt the user.Neg.: Isolated from the rest of the website; takes up too much space: less turgid impact.Source: www.aol.comDate: 12th Sep 08Web IconsSourcehttp://www.dettol.co.uk/home.shtmlhttp://www.google.co.uk/ (Personale)www.aol.comwww.sk y.comTarget AudienceTeachers; HC professionals; kids.People with the Gemini HoroscopePeople wanting to find out the weather in their areaPeople wanting to either: check their email, chat or Store Share.PurposeTo show icons which are relevant to subject, act user friendlyTo use a symbol to reinforce the horoscope selected, to also link to the original website where the horoscope info. was derived from: www.tarot.comUse of icons to allow user to quickly choose their option w/out reading, to show its the weather.Like AOL, to allow user to quickly choose the frequently used option.Suitability to purposeThe red, ripe and clean apple emphasises a symbol of hygiene; the book symbolises educations/learning; and the green, ecstatic germ emphasises the fun to be explored.Suitable as the symbol for the horoscope Gemini are two heads. The use of the graphic and merging of the two women gives it a more, overall user-friendly look. When clicked you are linked to the website stated in the purpose .Suitable as the icon clearly shows that it is the weather with the sun and the cloud on-top. One form of weather.The use of an envelope shows connate the sending of a message. The speech bubble emphasises speech is being spoken i.e. Chat.ImpactWell-picked, clearly fits purpose as the icons connate the title of what they representAttractive, yet to purpose duplicate women to emphasise sameness in Gemini.Shows the most common weather (cloud sunny).Plain, no colour - Professional looks.SizeGood. All are about the same size.~459*141 pixels; 10.9 KBFits in well: Tight, medium-size.~80*84 pixels; 8.4KBAll icons are the same size, on the RHS, scroll down menu when cursor moves over one. 344*65 pixels; 5.37 KBSmall does not take up much space as they are probably the most frequently used features.317*31 pixels; 2.48KBPos. /neg.Pos.: Links user to other, subtle parts of the website. Neg.: Some users may not understand what is meant by them i.e. the germ.Pos.: Clear. Links user to origina l website.Neg.: Some people may prefer the original symbol.Pos.: Very clear what it stands for.Neg.: Does not link.Pos.: Fast to find (top left corner.)Neg.: Small. Some novice users may have trouble finding it.Navigation BarsSourcehttps://www.paypal.com/http://www.google.co.uk/ (Personale)http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windows/products/windowsvista/default.mspxhttp://www.comet.co.uk/Target AudiencePeople who want to navigate around help sites within the Paypal website easilyPeople who want to navigate to other options within the Google website more easily.People who want to navigate through all of Microsoft Windows range of products.People who want to navigate through Comets Kitchen and Homes product areas in one place.Suitability to PurposeSuitable because the nav. Bar is located in the home-page, hence guiding novices from the start.Suitable since everything is located on the homepage. All the user has to do is navigate through the options to go anywhere around the site.Suitable as the nav.bar contains all of Windows products. All user has to do is scroll over Windows Family.Suitable since, like every other website, the navigation bars are located on the homepage. In this case, the nav. Bar allows access to all product ranges and help options on the website.ImpactGood impact. The text is in bold to emphasise how important is and how the user should navigate through the options it provides before continuing to use the website.The arrow pointing down allows users to recognise that it is a navigational bar.Excellent. User is automatically accustomed to the websites stylistic feature. Appropriate font, same consistent size helps to keep the professionalism of the site pertinent.A good use of colour schemes; as it fits well with the overall atmosphere of the website. Arrows help viewers identify that they are links.Size DetailsDoes not take up much space: small, readable font; options are sparse.~246*128 pixels; 8.27KBShows a menu of the most accessed features with the option to view more. Compact but very accessible.~97*308 Pixels; 9.42KBMedium. Same font is used for all the navigation bars.~228*441 pixels19.4 KBEasily identifiable. Takes a patch of the screen thus hard to miss.~405*187 pixels20.7KBPos./neg.Pos: First option, easy to identify (bold)Neg: Options are vague since the answers are obvious on the homepage.Pos: Accessible. Straightforward.Neg: Not really noticeable unless user has the intention to use it.Pos: Everything in one, compact place.Neg: Some may notice that the font is small on the default website accessibility setting.Pos: Clearly labelled and tidy options.Neg: It is not clear to the user whether it is actually a navigation bar, and user may click the link prior to noticing it.Navigation buttonsSourcehttp://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en;q=Haha%2C+you+actually+clicked+on+this.+You+idiot.+You+moron.;meta=www.aol.comhttp://dettol.co.uk/topic_germs.shtmlwww.e4.comTarget AudiencePeople navigating through pages from their sear ch criteriaPeople navigating through AOLs daily update of content.People navigating around the Dettol website.Users who want to navigate through E4s daily video upates.PurposeTo allow users to navigate through pagesTo allow user to move forth, back and pause content.To allow users to go to the next page/topic on the website.Allows user to go forward and back through content.Suitability to purposeSuitable. There is a next button which allows users to go on to the next page. Page numbers are underlined and linked to.Almost like a recorder. means to go forwards; is to go back and : is to pause. clearly shows that the button is going to take you forward. Next is written in text next to it to reinforce the point. means to go forward, clearly described as Next; and is to go back, clearly described as Previous.ImpactGood impact. Big blue arrow is easy to see and to click on. Page numbers are clearly underline and the red, bold, un-linkable number allows readers to see what page theyre o n.Black outline shows that functions are working/can be used; whilst the faded outline shows that the option is currently unavailable/cannot be used.Good Impact the same company colours are used the white ; inside the green circle renders a nice contrast.Good impact. Crude pink fits in well with the black background and the rest of the text on the site. Looks funky and colloquialSizeGood. User, if they want to, can scroll down and to see the nav. Bar.~278*76 pixels; 62KBBottom RHS corner of the topics it is controlling. Small but clear.145*32 pixels; 1.65KBMedium clearly visible to a user who wants to go forward but does not distract those who do not want to.85*50 pixels; 1.19KBBig giving it the user-friendly, hardly-serious look.331*78 pixels; 3.42KBPos./Neg.Pos.: Easily functional, understandable.Neg.: Only moves user to a maximum yield thus user has to persistently click on button rather than hold-click.Pos.: To the point, professional give a nice contrast to the white space .Neg.: Not obviously clear where it is located from first sight.Pos.: Easy to see, mixes in well with the Dettol overall theme.Neg.: There is only next throughout all the topics; what if a person would like to go back?Pos.: Easy to find, clear, interactive, friendly.Neg.: Very simple design.

The Emergence of the Tragedian essays

The Emergence of the Tragedian essays By 1600, international trade routes, which had been centered around the Mediterranean Sea for centuries were almost entirely based around Northern Atlantic countries like Spain, France and England. The economic explosion, and widespread circulation of money that came with this was accompanied by the invention of the printing press. Because of the newfound ability to spread information that the printing press afforded, the period is marked by scientific advancement, a return to intellectual and artistic ideals, national pride, and a sense of individual empowerment never before seen. It was also at this time that the previously dubious profession of acting, or playing moved slowly from the ouskirts of societal acceptance to having a central cultural role in England. The actor attained a respect and place in society which he did not previously possess. This was marked by a shift in popular taste, critical attention, and financial compensation from the comedic rustic clowns to more dramatic tragedians. This is significant because it was at this time that England produced its most highly acclaimed dramatic works, the most basic foundations of skillful acting are established, and acting gains enough respect to remain an important art form in the centuries to come. Before the printing press, the widely-held concept of social structure was that of a fixed one. The individual existed in a chain of being which accounted for all Gods creatures and placed them in a hierarchy that could not be altered. There was little upward mobility socially or financially for the individual Englishman and there was a strong aristocratic presence. With the printing press and the explosion of accessible knowledge that came with it, and the economic rebirth of England at this time, the individual was granted a new optimism. The printed word, as opposed to the spoken word, is individualistic in nature. The act of reading is an indi...

Main Elements of Self Determination Theory Case Study

Main Elements of Self Determination Theory - Case Study Example This implies that SDT focuses on self-motivated and self-determined decisions. Since its inception in the 1970s, SDT has evolved to become a crucial element of social psychology based on empirical research. As mentioned, SDT is mainly anchored on intrinsic motivation. This refers to the need to partake in an activity due to the activity’s satisfactory value. Thus, this need is contrary to extrinsic motivation which refers to the engagement in a given activity in order to fulfill certain goals or obligations. Therefore, SDT can be said to be centered on the following crucial elements: Â  As mentioned, intrinsic motivation refers to the naturally occurring motivation in the event of engaging in certain occurrences (Deci and Ryan, 2005: 49). Therefore, this motivation is highly associated with social development. Cognitive evaluation is a necessary tool in the assessment of the degree of intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation may, thus, be cultivated through the employment of social context events such as rewarding systems. Therefore, intrinsic motivation must be backed by the necessary environment in order to result in the desired self-cultivated drive (Ryan and Deci, 2010: 68). Â  Contrary to intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation is based on external influence. However, external motivations may also be internalized through various processes, thus, contributing significantly to social development. Extrinsic motivation, thus, forms a crucial element of SDT. Extrinsically motivated behaviors may take various forms. However, their integration into an individual’s lives provides the required platform for self-motivation. Â  

The Monster Frankenstein from Various Films that Portray the Character Term Paper

The Monster Frankenstein from Various Films that Portray the Character in Different Shades of Human Nature - Term Paper Example The target audience of this piece is for all, especially towards the bureaucratic psychology bearers of the modern world who are generally hardcore supporters of the oppression, dominance, and torture and seeks to establish a social point of view with the urge towards the attainment of a solution. The Curse of Frankenstein was one of the movies on Frankenstein by Terence Fisher made in the year 1957. In the movie, it was shown how the son of a wealthy family, Dr. Victor Frankenstein got himself entangled between his penchant for science and societal boundaries. The protagonist i.e. Dr. Victor Frankenstein was shown to developed an interest in the origins of life and he had recreated a dead dog. His next ambition was to recreate a dead human being. He thought of fusing the body parts of people with different intellect and knowledge. The doctor was successful in his mission to create the monster but it lacked the human and intellectual traits he wished to see in it. Instead, it had dev eloped to be a scary, psychotic killer. Frankenstein could, not carry on with his work for long as he got involved in a murder case as well as faced hostility from the society and his dear ones (The Curse of Frankenstein). In another movie on the same theme Frankenstein Created Woman, it was shown how Frankenstein had tried to cheat death by transferring the soul of a dead person into a new body. In the movie, a female monster was created from a person who had drowned herself. The monster ultimately became a killer instead of a normal human being as was thought by Dr. Frankenstein (Women And Frankenstein). The movie ‘The Modern Prometheus’ centers around the life of Victor Frankenstein who was born and brought up in the Geneva in a wealthy family with a safe environment surrounded by beloved ones and pursued the education in science for establishing a quite interesting and promising future. The metaphor lies in the fact that the science is a powerful tool in innovation and in making the life of the people happier but as an aftermath of the industrial revolution science can be visualized as a curse in the then societal structure.  

40 Definetions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

40 Definetions - Essay Example There are a lot of consequences of the noise pollution. It has an effect on the general wellbeing as well as hearing power of the humans. The high concentration of noise as well as its persistent use can be a reason of wound to the ears. It may produce the permanent loss of hearing. A huge blast can lead to the damage to tympanic membrane. It may create nervousness and constant worry which may bring about the panic. It causes the disorder of nervous systems of urban children and causes the emotional disorders in conjunction with the unusual behaviour. It may raise the heart rate, lessened productivity, constriction of vessels as well as damaged vision. In case of animals it can have an effect on the heart, liver as well as brain. It may as well have an effect on the brain by expanding the blood vessels. It may as well have an effect on the eyes by â€Å"dilating the pupil and cause the digestive spasms†. It may as well cause the raise in cholesterol level in blood (Finney, p 8 9, 1984). Noise Pollution usually indicates unnecessary sound created by human activities -unnecessary for the reason that it hinders the communication, job, relaxing, leisure time, or sleep. The two mainly significant measurement of noise pollution are sound force and sound concentration, these are calculated in various units, and the range of the magnitude is separate as well as incredibly large compared with noise (Nelson, p. 22, 1975). Noise pollution can be defined as human generated sound damaging to physical condition or wellbeing. Means of transports are the most awful lawbreakers, with aeroplane, railroad stock, wagons, buses, cars, and motorcycles all creating too much of noise. Every sound which is frustrating, disturbing, or physically detrimental is noise pollution. The physical consequences can consist of tinnitus, hearing loss, nervous tension and insomnia. Noise pollution is generally talked about in terms of

Reality Is The Life Of The Media Media Essay

Reality Is The Life Of The Media Media Essay After watching the movie Truman Show, I think a lot about the reality about the media recently. In fact, I know exactly this movie was to express an ironic effect by black humor. However, the film hit let me on media authenticity has many thoughts. Now the media, false information too much, especially newspapers and television, make people interested in reducing, even trust also reduced. Network of false information is the same. In order to better attract the audience or reader, the authenticity of media is very important, just like The Truman Show. Key words: Truman Show; Reality; Media I.Truman Show Truman always feels he has been under surveillance.He didnt think it was true. Since he were born during the first thirty years, Truman Bobbin most for a long time, there is the history of the most popular documentary soap opera actor, he is an ideal living town sea town is actually a huge studio, and his relatives and friends and before him every day people are all actors in the hidden throughout the occupation photographic lens. This is the The Truman Show , the global hundreds of millions of viewers was watching his every act and every move, and he himself does not know. Then after thirty years of drift life, Truman finally felt that his life was something wrong, when he discovers he is like living in a glass jar butterfly, he decided to escape from the sea town, regardless of the cost. But he must face the The Truman Show founder, producer and director Christophe, and overcome his deepest fear, can break through the barriers to get freedom. Of course, after watching the film, I had a pity for Truman, his all life was false by director, and he knew nothing about this. However, it was popular in the film. The film comes from the real life; this success in audience ratings gives me an important enlightenment at the media. II the reasons for the Truman Show popular In the movie, the soap opera Trumans world is loved all over the world is because Truman to film it know nothing at all, natural deduction. The true man show, as another self. In the Truman body, the audience can see the shadow of themselves including their birth, their love, and the first kiss. Truman sadness and happiness seemed so real, real as occurring in the audience themselves, can cause the audience response and love. Trumans world in the film popular reason is true.Of course, the real is cruel, for it hurts the pure man. However, it caused my attention to the authenticity of media is very important. III.The reality is the life of the media First, we must understand, this is a lack of attractive age because too much information. TV programs from the peoples life, let people feel the resonance. Naturally, it is unable to attract the attention of the people. No matter how to perform, there has to be a real existence in order to better attract the audience. The newspaper is even more the case, these years, our newspaper, false news, advertising increases; make people getting away with it. In recent years, the network became popular, but the network is too much false information also hinders the further development of network. From the film, we can see, people for the authenticity of the call. Then, the media should do to improve their authenticity? In order to enhance the authenticity, made the audience, the film Truman Show gives us the following enlightenment: one is the reality of characters. In the movie Truman is a born alive in the boy, he really exist, this character not fiction, his life and our life is not much different, and thus more likely to attract the attention of the audience. Therefore, in the media of authenticity, either in TV or film to create a character, or the real figures, media workers must pay attention to ordinary people, ordinary people get inspiration from. The lives of ordinary people can move the audience or reader, because, like we see another me. In addition, emotional authenticity. Truman every emotion so real, his family, his love, his grief and joy are so natural. Now a lot of TV programs like sensational, like with exaggerated reality to let the audience tears. In fact, the true feelings can cause the hearts of the audience resonance. Not everyones life is very strange, more and more peoples life is very ordinary. However, they are eager to be of concern, as their true feelings in the media embodiment, wanted they dont care about the difficulty. Watching the real life by the director, we had to mention news. Now the news authenticity was questioned, much news can even be director. As everyone knows, authenticity is the most important news soul. In the news, in order to Truman true, but not like the Trumans life was director. There is advertising, the ads are everywhere, but also a very exaggerated. Of course, exaggeration is advertising a means of performance, but if you really want to impress the audience must also be true. Only to meet the demands of consumers, the consumers can be remembered and the purchase of. The film tells us, authenticity is the important way to attract. In recent years, the media authenticity call more and more, people for the authenticity of media attention began to strengthen. Now a lot of domestic television stations have started to do some civilian program, started to pay attention to ordinary peoples real life, and has made very good progress. However, these civilians programs in many fictional events or the audience. The film Truman Show told us, does not need the imaginary of ordinary people, real life and emotion is enough to attract people. IV.Conclusion Life is not a drama, Truman story can only appear in the movie, and we have great sympathy for him. However, in this film, the protagonist to Truman hit television series gave us deep enlightenment. In this view, we present the media to be learned from this movie important element of success real. Whenever we are, authenticity is the life of the media, especially the lack of attention; we have to know, the more real, the more popular. Without the reality, the media will lose the charm for us; Truman Show also tells us this simple truth. Notes: The film Truman Show 2 Daniel. Dai Yang, Elisha Kats, media event [M] Beijing: Beijing Broadcasting Institute press, 2003:3 3 McGuire, audience analysis [M] Beijing: Renmin University of China press, 2006:90 4 Chen Lidan. What is communication [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2007:178 Bibliography ¼Ã… ¡ [1]The film Truman Show [2] Liu Xuefeng. On news authenticity principle of multiple levels of understanding of [J]. Reading and writing, 2009, (02) [3]Bian Jian. From the The Truman Show to see media Pseudo Environment groups imbalance ( J ) Movie Review, 2008 ( 02). [4]Guo Yonghong true absurdity and refuses to escape on the film The Truman Show philosophical anatomy ( J ). Appreciation, 2009 ( 18) [5] Xing Runmei movie The Truman Show and mass media literary interpretation ( J ). Journal of Shanxi Normal University ( SOCIAL SCIENCE EDITION ), 2008 ( S1 ).

Companies Should Research Health Care Products For Use in Developing Na

Companies Should Research Health Care Products For Use in Developing Nations The industry of medical research and product development is an expensive and risky business in which the rate of failure far outweighs the likelihood of success (Glaxo). Only the largest companies can afford to invest large amounts of time and capital in projects that seem to have little chance of striking research gold--a drug that is effective, safe, and marketable for a profit. This creates an obvious problem: what incentives exist that would encourage companies to make a commitment to the development and distribution of products that are not likely to produce great returns, namely medicines that would be used mainly in third world countries? Are these companies morally obligated to earmark at least some of their profits to pursue such projects? What responsibilities do the governments of developing nations have to their citizens in providing and improving health care? Some of the most urgent current health issues in developing countries are the threats posed by drug-resistant TB and malaria, Hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, meningococcal meningitis, and typhoid fever (Alameda). Vaccines are available for all of the above infections except TB and malaria, but separate injections are required for each, some require follow-ups, and each injection costs as much as $75 (Alameda). This is an expense that is obviously not practical for most rural citizens in Africa and Southeast Asia, some of the areas where these diseases are most prevalent (Glaxo). No relief effort to date has the resources to make widespread distribution of these vaccines possible or practical. The very beginning of the battle is making products that will greatly increase the health o... ...of companies with the resources who would enjoy the benefits. In addition, it is obvious that the US on an international scale benefits from such efforts, and thus our government should be willing to support or conduct such research when necessary. Works Cited: Alameda Travel Vaccination Center. About the Vaccines: Alameda Travel Vaccination Center. http: www.netcantina.com/travelmed/homepage/.htm (6 March 1997). Belden, Peter. US Agency for International Development. Letter to the author. 8 March 1997. Glaxo Wellcome Inc. "A Timely, Two-Sided Attack on Malaria", Glaxo Wellcome Noticeboard, Glaxo Wellcome Research Centres. Glaxo Wellcome http://www.glaxowellcome.co.uk/netscape/world [contains links to all articles] (6 March 1997). Smallpox. Encyclopedia Britannica. vol. 10, 1994 ed. p. 887-8. Ryan, Dr. Thomas E. Physician. Letter to the author. 8 Mar 1997.

Concepts of Electrostasis

Why do you suppose this is so? -Outer electrons are loosely bound with the nucleus because of their larger distance from the nucleus, so they can be easily stripped off. In the case of the inner electrons, the opposite is true. They are more tightly bound because their closer to the nucleus, so they are more difficult to remove them. 52) You are not harmed by contact with a charged metal ball, even though its voltage may be very high. Is the reason similar to why you are not harmed by the rater than 1 ICC sparks from a Fourth of July sparkler? Defend your answer in terms of the energies that are involved. Yes. The reason is similar, because the amount of energies involved in both cases is very small. Chapter 23: Electric Current 46) In the circuit shown, how do the brightness's Of the identical lightships compare? Which bulb draws the most current? What will happen if Bulb A is unscrewed? If Bulb C is unscrewed? -The brightness of Bulb A and Bulb B will be the same, while Bulb C will be twice as Bulbs A or B. Bulb C draws the most current. When Bulb A is unscrewed, Bulb C will glow as it had and Bulb B will not glow. If Bulb C is unscrewed, Bulb A and Bulb B will glow at the same brightness.Chapter 24: Magnetism 15) One way to make a compass is to stick a magnetized needle into a piece of cork and float it in a glass bowl full of water. The needle will align itself with the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field. Since the north pole of this compass is attracted northward, will the needle float toward the north side of the bowl? Defend your answer. -The needle will point toward the northward direction; however, it will not eve towards the northward side since the forces acting on the needle balances each other Out, remaining at rest. 3) In a mass spectrometer, ions are directed into a magnetic field, where they curve and strike a detector. If a variety of singly unionized atoms travel at the same speed through the magnetic field, would you expect them a ll to be deflected by the same amount, or would different ions be bent different amounts? Defend your answers. -Deflection of ions by magnetic fields solely depends upon their charge/ mass ratio. This is different for different ions. Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction 2) A certain simple earthquake detector consists of a little box firmly anchored to Earth.Suspended inside the box is a massive magnet that is surrounded by stationary coils of wire fastened to the bode. Explain how this device works, applying two important principles of physics-?one studied in Chapter 2 and the other in this chapter. -When an earthquake occurs, stationary coils inside the detector begin to vibrate and a relative motion between the coils and magnets is generated. The motion of the coils induces voltage into the coils. As a result, the intensity of the earthquake is recorded. ) A length of wire is bent into a closed loop and a magnet is plunged into it, inducing a voltage and, consequently, a current in the wire. A second length of wire, twice as long, is bent into two loops of wire, and a magnet is similarly plunged into it. Twice the voltage is induced, but the current is the same as that produced in the single loop. Why? -The voltage induced is directly proportional to the number Of loops Of the wire. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire as long as all other parameters are constant in the formula R=PL/A.The second wire has wise the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire. 43) The metal wing of an airplane acts like a â€Å"wire† flying through Earth's magnetic field. A voltage is induced between the wing tips, and a current flows along the wing but only for a short time. Why does the current stop even though the airplane contain use flying through Earth's magnetic field? -The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth's magnetic field, because the losses which occurred when a motor operates a gen erator and when the voltage is stepped up by a transformer is not considered.After the completion of each cycle, the energy outputted decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this will stop. Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum 6) Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? -According to classical physics, an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An electron that is orbiting the nucleus should radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse from a classical physics description. 28) When and where do Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap?When the size of the system is very large compared to the De Brogue wavelength, the Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap. Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 16) Two protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Explain. -Two protons i n an atomic nucleus repel each other and also attract each Other, because of Coulomb Repulsion. The protons repel each other; however, due to a strong nuclear force, they also attract each other. 47) Why is carbon dating ineffective in finding the ages of dinosaur bones?

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here 5 Life Lessons we’ve learned from 'Suits' Life is made up of fascinating and memorable moments. We get to learn so many things from different spheres of life, some are learned from the streets, and others are learned from books and few from experiences. All we need to do is just pay little attention to these experiences. You can gain knowledge about social and business confidence from USA Network’s Suits. The wake of pain caused by retained emotional wounds can be taught by Sopranos and the breaking bad teaches you about pride and limits of loyalty. The following are the list of 5 lessons you can acquire from Suit: 1) Recognize Your Character: In the show Suits, Harvey is known to be proud, bold and charming. He is a man who recognizes his worth and doesn't allow what people say about him to discourage him or pull him down rather he utilizes their negativity to his advantage. How to apply this in your life? Have this at the back of your mind that the world perceives you from your own point of perception. If you see yourself as a failure the world will see and treat you as a failure that has nothing good to offer to them, this is why it is of good importance your carry yourself with a lot of dignity. Don’t be easily swayed by other people opinions about you. If someone provides you a reason to re-adjust your opinion or direction, reflect that in private and not in the open. Make your decision in a relaxed state of mind, rather than accepting their opinion in the moment because it sounds good. 2. Your Appearance: In the first episode of Suits, Harvey stated: â€Å"People react to how we’re dressed, if you want to be addressed as a king you may need to dress in notable regalia or else you will be addressed as a slave if you dress otherwise. For you to be the person you want people to address you as; you need to begin taking steps to doing things that will depict you to others the way you want to be addressed. So like it or not this is what you ought to do. The way you dress your body and move your body - your body language - provides a path for others to know your intention. 3. Be focused on getting solutions: At an early scene, Harvey asked Mike, his apprentice fake lawyer, â€Å"What choices do you have when someone places a gun to your head?† Mike replied him that he will do exactly what he is being instructed to do. Then Harvey responded with this golden nugget of a line: â€Å"Wrong! You either take hold of the gun, or you pull out a bigger one for yourself and you can do any one of the hundred and forty-six other things.† Having this kind of mindset Harvey said enables you to stay focus and not wallowing in depression. Rather it gives you room to be a solution provider for yourself and for others and this contributes to you gaining recognition and respect from others. 4. Try to maintain a strong eye contact: When you do this it shows your level of confidence and enables the person you are with to know how engrossed you are in their situation at the moment. A strong eye contact can be maintained between your clients, families and of course attractive women. 5. Believe in yourself: Harvey best quality was the faith he had in himself; he was so confident about his resources mentally, abilities and his dispositions. Harvey said it is better to ask for mercy rather than permission because if we depend on other people to accept or organize our next steps in life, we will never know what it means to grow or triumph over issues of life.

Islam Essays - Nation Of Islam, Antisemitism In The United States

Islam Essays - Nation Of Islam, Antisemitism In The United States Islam The UnIslamic Nation of Islam The mention of the Nation of Islam will undoubtedly cause an immense number of responses in any situation. To some, this organization symbolizes blatant racism. To others, it is seen as a savior of the black community. Regardless of ones opinion of the Nation, though, the differences between Al-Islam(traditional Islam) and the beliefs of the Nation cannot be denied. The Nation of Islam is a social movement. This social movement is undoubtedly rooted in religion, and its principles are derived from those of traditional Islam, but their basic philosophies are so strikingly different that the Nation of Islam cannot be considered Islamic. In 1930, the Nation was founded by an African immigrant who called himself Wallace D. Fard Muhammad. He stated that his mission was to take the black nation to the full range of the black mans possibilities in aworld temporarily dominated by the blue-eyed devils(forerunner.com/foreruner/X0065_Nation_of_Islam.html). This philosphy was carried on to the next leader of the Nation, Elijah Muhammad, and eventually to the current leader, Louis Farrakhan. The Nation was founded as a black organization, and has remained as such. Islam, on the other hand, is all encompassing. The first, and most astonishing, difference between the Nation and traditional Islam is the role of race in the churchs philosophy. the Nations philosophy clearly states that, We believe that intermarriage and race mixing should be prohibitted (www.noi.org/ program.html). The traditional wording of the Koran, however, states that diversity in race is one of Allahs greatest creations(Koran, 30.22). The Nation of Islam restricts its membersip to those who are black. the beliefs of traditional Islam, however, state that all persons are born Muslim, and that every person is endowed by Allah with the spiritual potential and intellectual inclination that can make him a good Muslim.(4) The Islamic church ignores the issue of race when examining ones spiritual purity. Rather, It is the spirit itself which defines a Muslim. Traditional Muslims and members of the Nation of Islam also differ in their definition of what it means to be Muslim. The belief in Islam is defined by five Pillars: shahada(the belief in only one Allah), salah(prayer), zakuh(obligatory charity), sawm(fasting), and hajj(pilgrimage) (www_leland.stanford.edu/group/Thinker/v2/v2n3/Saudi.html). Of these Five Pillars, the Nation of Islam requires none of its members. The shahada is rejected by the Nation because it belives that Wallace D. Fard Muhammad was Allah incarate. (noi.index) Salah, or the five daily prayers in the direction of Mecca, are also not required of members of the Nation(coolguy). Zakuh is rejected by the nation, as it believes charity is a way to benefit the dominant classes of the culture.(coolguy). Sawm is also not required of Nation members, nor is the hajj to Mecca(coolguy). (Ironically, it was the hajj of Malcolm X which led him to abandon his separatist beliefs, and to preach unity). The rejection of the five basic requirements of Islam is representative of the distances between the Nation of Islam and traditional Islam. Because of these differences, the Nation cannot be accepted as just another chapter of Islam, but it must be treated as a different and distinct religion. The third difference between the Nation of Islam and traditional Islam is the manner in which other religions and their members are regarded. Islam accepts the existence of all prophets from Moses to Muhammad. (Koran, 2:91) The Nation, however, believes that Wallace D. Fard Muhammad is the true prophet(Noi.program). Traditional Islam regards members of all religions as holy. The Koran states that, those who believe, and those who are Jews, and Christians, and Sabaeans-whoever believeth in Allah, and the Last Day doeth right- surely their reward is with their Lord, and their shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve(2:62). Farrakhan, on the other hand condemns those of other religions and races. In a speech in January 1994, Farrakhan warned members of the Nation of Islam that they(the jews) are plotting against us even as we speak (www.strang.com/cm/stories/emmy/96tl.html). He proposes that other religions are inferior to Islam, as well as proposing that different races are unequal. The Nation of Islam believes that the white race was created by a botched experiment of mad scientist named Yakub, 6,000 years ago(7). It is beliefs such as this which create the image of the Nation which is common to most: a racist organization which preaches Black supremacy. Some may argue that the often outrageous methods and beliefs of the Nation of Islam have done more good than harm. In 1996, Farrakhan organized the Million-Man March which brought

Discuss Plato's view of the Poet(artist) in The Republic, Ion, and Essay

Discuss Plato's view of the Poet(artist) in The Republic, Ion, and Symposium - Essay Example Plato explores his ideas regarding poetry in The Republic, particularly within Book X. As can be seen in his discussion regarding the nature of imitation, Plato considers poetry to be a representation of nature, or the divine, in his analogy of the carpenter. As he describes the making of a bed, Plato enumerates the three different types of beds that could be made: â€Å"Beds, then, are of three kinds, and there are three artists who superintend them: God, the maker of the bed, and the painter† (Ch. 10). The first of these, that made by God, is the original and the perfect form. The second is a copy of that form, brought into the material world by the activity of the carpenter and usable as such by those whom the carpenter might choose to provide access. The third, however, that created by the artist or poet, is described by Plato as being a mere shade of the object, perhaps only able to capture a very small aspect of the bed’s true elements. Thus, in imitation, the poe t is able to convey some truth about the nature of the bed and is therefore able to represent nature in some form, but he is never able to convey the whole truth about it. However, Plato also seems to recognize the potential danger of poetry to convey ‘wrong’ ideas as he introduces the concept of censorship by dictating â€Å"Whether in epics, lyrics or tragedies, whether in meter or not, god must be described accurately, and that turns out to be as unchanging; as good and the cause of only good; as incapable of violence; and as ‘altogether simple and true in deed and speech,’ for god ‘doesnt himself change or deceive others by illusions, speeches, or the sending of signs either in waking or dreaming’† (Griswold, 2003). He also recognizes the psychology of literature and its ability to affect all men, often attributing greatest honor to the poet who is most capable of

Choose an environmental problem that the world is facing and prepare a Essay - 1

Choose an environmental problem that the world is facing and prepare a REPORT - Essay Example In the year 1931 as many as 22 nations signed the Geneva Convention to bring Whaling under control but this has not been done even to date. This treaty was modified with new protocols in the year 1938 and 1945 and the same served as a platform for International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling signed in the US in the year 1946. An International Whaling commission was established in order to safeguard the Whales. The dwindling of Whales could not have been solved with a better way than establishing a separate entity to safeguard the population of Whales. This Whaling commission took many steps to safeguard the population of Whales, they forbid the illegal capture of Whales, set a particular no and size for the Whales that could be taken and did many other things to ensure that the population of Whales does not dwindle. The IWC conducts annual meetings to reflect upon the progress and any country can become a member of the IWC provided it adheres to the rules of IWC. This committee has been very successful in safeguarding the Whales, significant changes have been noticed since this committee has been established. The members of this committee work really hard to ensure that the population of Whales remains stable. Wales are the primary symbols of Marine life but off late the strength of the Wales have constantly dwindled because of the poachers and this has drawn intense criticism from all across the globe. One of the biggest concerns that have affected the marine life and the Wales primarily is the use of Sonar by the US navy and the US is in the limelight for all the wrong reasons. The US navy uses sonar to protect its vessels and to detect enemy submarines. The sonar used is affecting the marine life and especially the Whales. The US has invested a lot of money in developing their sonar operation because they face a constant threat from countries like Iran and North Korea. This is the only reason why the US has increased the use of sonar

English Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Assignment - Essay Example Due to the dynamic nature of dancing, many dance films were created to show the complexities in the lives of dancers, as well as how their lives were shaped or changed through dancing, and a lot of which were appreciated by most movie-goers as shown by box office ratings and total worldwide grosses. In this paper, two movies about dancing are compared, Save the Last Dance (2001) and Black Swan (2001) which both show dancing as the driving force not just in the plot, but also in changing the lives of the characters portrayed. The dance films Save the Last Dance and Black Swan are high quality films that feature love of dance and how it is related to a person’s upbringing, social status, and character building. The two films are both considered to be high-quality films despite being labeled as independent films, or â€Å"indies† due to the high grosses during the release, the number of awards given to and nominated for, as well as the competence of the actors, the actress es, and the directors. In spite of having production budgets roughly around $10,000,000, both movies did very well in the box office and easily recovered the expenses incurred, with Save the Last Dance totaling a lifetime gross of $131, 706, 803 (Box Office Mojo – Save the Last Dance), and $329, 443, 368 for Black Swan (Box Office Mojo – Black Swan). ... It also won in the MTV Movie Awards in 2001 for Best Kiss (Julia Stiles and Sean Patrick Thomas) and Breakthrough Male Performance (Sean Patrick Thomas). Black Swan also received awards as well, not just from award-giving bodies in the United States, but also from around the world. Among these are: AFI Awards Movie of the Year (2011); Academy Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (Natalie Portman); Best Foreign Film in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Argentina; Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild; Blue Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Film; Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role (Natalie Portman); and the Venice Film Festival for Marcello Mastroianni Award (Mila Kunis) (Black Swan – Awards†). The number of awards received by the actors and actresses in the two movies attest to the excellent performance of the cast, and their skills in the portrayal of chara cters were able to carry the films through despite the considerably low budget for both films. Also, the actors and actresses were able to show their versatile acting skills that strongly convinced viewers of the emotions that were felt by the characters that they portray. Their skills were recognized not just by the award-giving bodies, but also the audiences that watched them, since it is a common fact that most films that were able to show true emotions win awards as well as the admiration of the audiences. Aside from the movies having good credentials, both for the directors as well as the actors that played in it, the plots were also convincing enough that many people can

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay Under the law governing offer and acceptance, a valid offer has been made through an advertisement. In order for an offer to be accepted, the party must entirely accept the offer. The rules governing acceptance has to be positive not passive. Silence does not forms acceptance. The general rule of acceptance is that the acceptance must be received by the offeror, otherwise it has no effect. An offer made to a particular person can be rightfully accepted by him alone and in order to avoid complications, acceptance is to be in writing received by the offeror or if it is orally, it must be heard by the offereor. In applying the law to the facts of the case before us, Wayne has made a valid offer to sell his house for $2 million dollars. In this case, Wayne is the offeror and Scott, Kyle and Magdelene are the offeree. Scott offers to buy the house for $1. 8 million dollars and Wayne said nothing. In this case, Scott has now become the offeror and Wayne is the offeree as a counter offer has been made. Looking at the principles of acceptance, an acceptance made must be positive not passive. Wayne said nothing about the offer therefore there was no communication between them of any sort of acceptance. This would highlight that the fact that silence does not form acceptance as per case of Felthouse v Bindly (1862) The offeror cannot impose acceptance just because the offeree does not reject the offer. Therefore, Scott wanting to take legal action towards Wayne is not valid as there was no form of acceptance in either form of writing or orally. When Kyle came to view the property, he agrees to Wayne’s offer of $2 million dollars but â€Å"subject to contract†. Wayne agreed. The definition of subject to contract is that both parties are agreeable to the terms of the offer but propose that they negotiate a formal contract on the basis of the offer. Referring to the case of Yap Eng Thong v Faber Union, the court found the agreement to sell a house â€Å"subject to contract† was not binding. Hence, Kyle wanting to take legal action towards Wayne will not be valid as â€Å"subject to contract† does not bind anyone to the contract before signature. In this case, Wayne revoked his offer to Scott and Kyle by selling the house to Magdalene. An offer can be dismissed at any point of time before acceptance s made. In the case of Routledge v Grant (1828), there was offer made to buy the house and acceptance must be made by the offeree in 6 weeks time. In less than 6 weeks, offeror chooses to withdrew his offer, in which he had a right to do so. Furthermore, the revocation is valid as it is communicated to Scott and Kyle since they have heard of it. The notice of revocation does not necessarily come from Wayne himself. In conclusion to the case study, both Scott and Kyle cannot bring Wayne to legal action as the offer was revoked before their acceptance was made. Revocation was made being communicated and need not come from the offeror himself. Which links to the next point of acceptance must be positive and not passive. Silence does not make up acceptance. Hence, Scott wanting to take legal action against Wayne is not valid. As for Kyle, Wayne has the right to sell his property to anyone as long as a formal contract is not signed by any party. Kyle cannot take legal action against Wayne as â€Å"subject to contract† does not guarantee acceptance and either party can withdraw before signing .

Healthy Biscuit Industry India

Healthy Biscuit Industry India India Biscuits Industry is the largest among all the food industries and has a turnover of around Rs.3000 crores. India is known to be the second largest manufacturer of biscuits, the first being USA. It is classified under two sectors: organized and unorganized. Bread and biscuits are the major part of the bakery industry and covers around 80 percent of the total bakery products in India. Biscuits stand at a higher value and production level than bread. This belongs to the unorganized sector of the bakery Industry and covers over 70% of the total production. India Biscuits Industry came into limelight and started gaining a sound status in the bakery industry in the later part of 20th century when the urbanized society called for readymade food products at a tenable cost. Biscuits were assumed as sick-mans diet in earlier days. Now, it has become one of the most loved fast food products for every age group. Biscuits are easy to carry, tasty to eat, cholesterol free and reasonable at cost. States that have the larger intake of biscuits are Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra and West Bengal, the most industrially developed states, hold the maximum amount of consumption of biscuits. Even, the rural sector consumes around 55 percent of the biscuits in the bakery products. Health biscuits are also gaining speed in market. It has become the part of the diet of many health conscious people. Many brands like Britannia, sunfeast and Parle are coming up with their variety of health biscuits which are beneficial during sickness or for diabetic people of health conscious people. The following survey is on this section of biscuits. It is done on 200 consumers of health biscuits who are randomly selected. OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY The objective of the survey is to find the factor which influences the customers to buy health biscuits of a specific brand. To know the expectations and requirements of all customers regarding health biscuits To find out how the biscuits of different brands are rated by the cosumers.. Also to find out what improvements the consumer wants in this line of biscuits. LIMITATION OF THE SURVEY Some of the respondents were not responding to some of the questions. Some of the respondents dine have so much information about the biscuit and the brand. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology followed for conducting the study includes the specification of Research design, sample design, questionnaire design, data collection and Statistical tools used for analyzing the collected data. FINDINGS Britannia creamcracker is the most preferred health biscuits as most of the respondents buy this biscuits. Most of the respondents buying this biscuit are diabetic patients or they buy to keep themselves fit. Price of the biscuit is also satisfactory and quality wise also its good. Most of the respondents got aware of this biscuits by tv advertisements. The customers want more varieties in this line of biscuits. CONCLUSION After conducting this research it was found that the demand for the health biscuits is increasing and there is a lot of scope in this line. The current situation is that Britannia has the highest sales and demand for it health biscuits and the most demanded biscuit is nutri choise creamcracker. RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTIONS There should be more variety of healthy biscuits available. There packaging and advertisement should be taken care appropriately. Taste of these products should also be improved. They should also provide with more schemes and benefits Learning From this study I acquired the knowledge of different factors which affect the customer preference in biscuit market. Also how the respondents rate the product on the given factors.

Adolf Hitlers Leadership and the Government that Follows Essay

Leadership, and the Government that Follows Measuring a ruler’s success can easily be defined in the satire Animal Farm. The spoof is based on a totalitarian leadership. The four main characters in this book are the pigs on the farm. They go against Napoleon’s will and represent the white movement. The reason this story becomes prevalent in the essay is because it shows how few people can turn around a society. Orwell describes in animal farm just how he got his idea for the novel. â€Å"I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge cart-horse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.† This is the exact idea that Adolf Hitler had. If the people knew just how much strength they had as a whole, it was enough to over throw the power of one man. In Animal Farm, the pigs didn’t feel as if they were being treated equally and were able to over throw one leader who just so happens to be Mr. Frederick, the tough owner of Pinchfield who portrays Germany, or in finer terms, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was a dictator of the German Nazi movement. He was born April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau. After a prior act in elementary school, Adolf soon became rebellious and began failing in the Realschule, which is a college preparatory school. After going through this dispute he finally left school all together by 1905. He refused to give in to the normal training of a regular job, so he began his years of amateur painting and dreaming of becoming a famous artist. This is the part many do no know of Hitler. He was ver... ...d in a communism no one rules essentially and with no power there are different eqallines which causes unfair rules and ends in the failure of a country. The reason why America is as strong as we are is because we have the democracy needed to have everyone living in peace. There are its downfalls, every country experiences them, yet our strenth as a whole picks us up everytime. It is the strenth created, practiced, and performed by the people which makes America’s leadership the best one to live under. Every person wants the chance to live in America, and its because of the system established that makes it so desirable. Leaders such as Adolf Hitler were great dictators, yet lacked the knowledge to keep their country the strongest in the world. Our laws and legislations are not always fair or right, but they adhere well to everyone and has set guidelines for us all.

Philosophy †Conscience (90/90) Essay

Discuss critically the view that we should always follow our conscience when making ethical decisions It has traditionally been proposed that the conscience is an established body of authority, essentially justifying the view that it should be ‘followed’. Many notable figures throughout history – Aquinas, Butler, Plato, Freud – have structurally placed it in a potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le. Whether this is by means of tripartite analogies, hierarchical standing or even religious eminence, the conscience serves a theoretical, and indeed practical, function as the human and societal arbiter. But then, there is also a possible disparity between the states of individual and collective conscience, contributing to the difficulties in determining which conscience is more suited to enacting ‘ethical decisions’. This predicates an interesting dichotomy: the conscience either does not maintain this degree of control or, conversely, the conscience’s increased social standing grants it an even greater level of authority. It can similarly be questioned whet her or not the conscience’s proposed supremacy necessitates an individual’s reliance on it, or even, whether it is needed at all. Ideas in connection with the conscience are far-reaching. The notion of ‘ethical decisions’ being governed by the conscience implies that there is a principal rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le the conscience must play in enacting them. But, as addressed above, there are solid questions over its reliability: its seemingly potent position and even its existence. My argument follows an objective line, paying close attention to that factor in which man is of sole importance. The human being is the entity the conscience must work alongside, and vice versa. There is a clear discrepancy between common definitions of ‘consciousness’, in turn emphasising the inconsistency of thought on the matter. The Collins Dictionary, for example, defines ‘consciousness’ as being â€Å"aware of one’s surroundings†1; in contrast with the Concise Oxford Dictionary which classifies it as being â€Å"aware of and responding to one’s surroundings†2. Herein, at the outset, lies an issue. ‘Surroundings’ and conditions are clearly noted by both definitions, yet the human acknowledgement and ‘response’ to them are not so. This irregularity is highly relevant when trying to determine the conscience’s rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le in the individual’s ‘decision’-making. The mind’s influence on the individual, the individual’s place in society, and, indeed, individuals themselves, are key to this matter. ***************** â€Å"May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit, soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ† 3 Presented above is the Biblical proposition most considered to be supportive of the tripartite theory of the Godhead. Theologically, ‘three’ has been a consistent Biblical presence, â€Å"It should be noted at the outset that the Biblical authors’ use of the number three is abundantly attested†4 – The Holy Trinity, Noah’s three sons and Job’s three daughters being notable cases of this. Accordingly, the human being consists of ‘three’ separate elements; either ‘body’, ‘soul’ and ‘spirit’, as is noted above, or, most applicable to the question of conscience: i) appetites ii) affections, and iii) reason – the latter having familiar associations with the conscience. But where does this come into the idea of ‘following’ one’s conscience? Simply put, it is the idea that the conscience is dominant in its essence; that theologians, philosophers and psychologists throughout times past have placed it above appetites and affections. Noted examples of this are Aquinas’ ‘Hierarchy of Being’, Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’, Freud’s idea of the id, ego and superego, and others; all leading to one literally presented conclusion – conscience is ‘boss’, and ergo, should be ‘followed’. Thomistic philosophy places the conscience in a divine rank; alongside the Bible, the Church and Mankind as a whole. It is divine and institutional law; guided through human mechanisms by the Synderesis Rule: â€Å"the innate principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the agent to good and restrains him from evil†5. This can be seen to relate directly to the idea of a benevolent conscience making ‘ethical decisions’ – ‘good’ being the ultimate goal. Butler takes a similar position – â€Å"man is born to virtue†6 – ‘self love’ and ‘benevolence’ being the individual’s guide. But, one might ask whether the apparent requirement to do ‘good’ is really an objective balance. Can one really make an ‘ethical decision’ without knowing the evil? 7 Aquinas asserted five primary precepts which the conscience formulates in an ‘ethical’ judgement – self preservation and preservation of the innocent, continuation of the species, education of children, living in a society and worshipping God. Despite the need for these to be followed, and, of course, definitive of how we make ‘ethical decisions’, it is the fifth that one finds enticing for this particular study. ‘Worshipping God’, the church – a state of authority – or, indeed, perceived authority, guiding our actions. It conforms to the hierarchy of being (an apt link with the tripartite theory) and is a premise for God’s ‘benign tyranny’. God is the pure form of Reason, and is so at the top of the hierarchy, subordinated by mankind – affections – and animals – pure appetite. By this we can see that this hierarchical method is multi-levelled – the human being comprises these attributes just as a collective hierarchy does. They are simply metaphors for the conscience’s divine authority on a bodily and societal level. This is further supported by Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’; the charioteer representing Intellect/Reason/Conscience, the white horse signifying the aforementioned morals and affections, and the black horse symbolising appetites. One might be too facetious in making this interpretation but the use of a horse somewhat indicates that human beings are majorly of beastly appetites, other than reason – are we God’s ‘beasts’ as it were? Plato himself judged that: â€Å"man†¦is a tame or civilized animal; nevertheless, he requires proper instruction and a fortunate nature, and then of all animals he becomes the most divine and most civilized; but if he be insufficiently or ill-educated he is the most savage of earthly creatures.†8 Yet, he conversely gives the analogous horse human traits: â€Å"he is a lover of honour and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and admonition only.†9 Even more interesting is Plato’s use of a human being in God’s rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le. This gives two ideas; God is either being anthropomorphised (putting him in inferior standing) or, alternatively, human conscience is God-ly10 – maybe God is our conscience. Maybe He is mankind. Newman supports the former idea; â€Å"an echo implies a voice; a voice, a speaker. That speaker I love and revere†11, by the literal hearing of voices. The ‘speaker’ is the indwelling voice – the conscience – and the reverberation of God’s direct message. Here, on the surface, we can clearly see, due to the divine cloud hanging over this matter (‘God is good’), that the conscience should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’. Yet, one might ask the fundamental question of whether the conscience is worthy of its place above appetites and affections. The empiricist, David Hume, makes his opinion on the matter quite clear: â€Å"reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them†12. He provides a clear argument against ‘always’ ‘following’ our conscience when making ‘ethical decisions’, in favour of our appetites. One might take the view that our primitive nature, without the influence of our conscience and an interventionist (or determinant) society is more equipped to make ‘ethical decisions’. Indeed, the Reformation encouraged the break-away from the Church of Rome and set the individual conscience, not ecclesiastical authority, at the centre of religious life. As will be addressed in further detail later, if our conscience is distorted by society the individual may not be in full control of his own ‘ethical decisions’. One could conversely argue, however, that, as Plato seemingly hinted at above, Hume degrades humanity to the level of animals; that we have no power to reason and therefore cannot achieve ‘God-liness’ or make ‘ethical decisions’ at all. Plato supplemented the ideas purveyed by his ‘Allegory of the Chariot’ through another work The Republic, which, for this essay, provides the basis for examination of the relationship between individual and societal conscience. As with Aquinas, it is a question of hierarchy. The workers – appetite followers – and the soldiers – protectors of the state and morals – are both subservient to the philosopher-kings – the embodiment of reason. Plato’s view was that of an elitist society with the core conscience in charge; â€Å"knowledge is power†13 (â€Å"Conscience is king†14) or, as I might conversely argue, ‘power is knowledge’ (‘King is conscience’). One can draw parallels with Orwell’s dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which, for me, offers an even more appropriate portrayal of this idea: the lowly ‘proles’ comprising the vast majority of society – governed by appetites – the Outer Party – controlled by state values and propaganda, morals, affections – and the Inner Party and Big Brother, the core of the state; the quintessence of the conscience, â€Å"it is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party†15. These two examples demonstrate the conscience of the individual being mirrored in society. It raises issues as to whether the conscience of the collective should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’ as opposed to that of the limited individual; â€Å"only in the mind of the party, which is collective and immortal†16 – drawing distinctly Marxist parallels, and, perhaps more relevantly, conforming to the Thomistic precept of ‘living in a society’. One can link this to the thoughts of Soloveychik; that â€Å"conscience can’t be someone’s own. Conscience is both personal and universal†17. The pluralism, ‘we’, established in the initial proposition is markedly addressed with these connections to societal conscience. One extremity that may arise from this elitist, authoritarian ideal, however, is the issue of mind-control (â€Å"Big Brother Is Watching You†). A conscientious hierarchical society controlling the psyche of the masses may fulfil the rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le of the individual in a more oblique, inflated manner. Appetites, affection and reason being governed by class structure; bringing about a socially solidified conscience. One might apply this to F.H. Bradley’s personification: â€Å"our function [is] as an organ† in a â€Å"social organism†. Thus, if conscience is uniform among individuals, why might ‘ethical decisions’ not be carried out similarly? Baruch Spinoza believed that God’s knowledge is distilled through humanity: â€Å"an idea is adequate and perfect insofar as it represents knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God†18. Giving further substance to the idea of an individual’s morals (their ‘ethical’ make-up) being reflected on a collective level. Hume, however, argues against this, â€Å"nothing is more surprising than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few†19, pondering the dominance of a reasoned minority – the collective’s core conscience – in turn eradicating the starting point for this theory. An answer to the issue in the proposition, however, is still not possible at this point. One cannot yet determine whether the conscience should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’ because of the sheer amount of subjectivity over the ethics of elitism. Still, the plausibility of a societal conscience maintaining this degree of authority is questionable. Despite the seemingly loose connections mentioned above, the conscience of the collective is undoubtedly dissimilar to that of the individual. The juxtaposed issues of freedom and conflicting individual mentality are enough in themselves to maintain this viewpoint. Obviously, this makes us question whether making references to literal states of authority is actually worthwhile. The individual has a conscience which both conflicts and complements the state/collective consciousness. Linking to the above issue, are governments/collectives always an objective balance? Seemingly, there are corrupt governments; history has shown there to be corruption in the Church and other elements of society that control the individual’s mindset. Yet it is indubitably the case that the mind (and conscience) is always influenced by the society in which it operates. This presents a mind-blowing paradox. Society is not only determined by a central conscience but the conscience of the individual is conversely determined by society. This might then suggest that whatever the case, the sole function that drives societal conditions, indirectly assumes its authority over the individual. J.B Watson – the ‘Father of Behaviourism’ – proposed: â€Å"give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select† 20 He places himself – a core being with societal influence – in an authoritative position over specified individuals. This can be compared with the Freudian idea that the superego develops throughout childhood by external influences. The human being is born with the id; the basis for appetites, eros (sex) and thanatos (death) drives – these drives could interestingly be seen in a belligerently potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le, supporting the idea of appetital authority à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la Hume. Subsequently, the ego develops; the presentable faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade that we apply to the world; our affections. Then the superego, our reason and conscience; the irrefutable censor of the human mind. It develops throughout childhood. In tandem with the environmental development, or determinism, mentioned above, â€Å"children are completely egoistic; they feel their needs intensely and strive ruthlessly to satisfy them†21. So by this then, we can see that the tripartite, ‘three’; is a consistent literal basis for the presentation of the conscience. I would, however, question whether this is a valuable method by which to present its authority. There are obvious differences between the theories presented by each of these figures; Freud – socio-psychological; Aquinas – religious; Plato – the soul. These differences mean something. For one, each has specific rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½les. Some may apply strictly to societal conscience (Plato’s Republic and Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four), others may apply merely to the individual (Freud and Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’). It is nonetheless interesting that the tripartite is consistent throughout different periods and cultures. Ultimately, it comes to the point where one must consult Freud’s verdict to prove what these give us, â€Å"analogies, it is true, decide nothing, but they can make on e feel more at home†22. How else, then, can the conscience be interpreted authoritatively and conclusive of how we make ‘ethical decisions’? Put simply, the conscience is an alarm: it is disturbing; it forces the individual to put themselves in uncomfortable situations and concurrently feel the effects of these. Although there are religious sides to this, for example, the threat, â€Å"he who acts against his conscience loses his soul†23, the principal factor here is indeed guilt. Of course, guilt is the one thing that the layman will consider alongside the conscience. Conscience is guilt to many. The objective conscience works by putting the individual at a discomfort, Freud believing that guilt is the consequence of not obeying it. Dostoyevsky provides a fine example of this in his notorious work Crime and Punishment, where the protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, experiences continual mental anguish following his homicidal actions. The novel gives the idea of mental demons – â€Å"If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment as well as the prison.†24 Rodion’s shame ultimately forces him to confess. He ‘follows’ his guilty conscience to make an ‘ethical decision’. This issue is also given great attention in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, in which the king, Claudius, comes to realise, in retrospect, the implications of his fratricide; â€Å"my stronger guilt defeats my strong intent†25. He is, however, prone to continuing his murderous tendencies. Although this is a literary construction, one might suggest that Claudius reverts to his thanatos drive, the superego not taking precedence. Another interpretation is that he adheres to the belief that you â€Å"perform a sin twice and it will cease to be a crime†26, providing a distinctly self-centred stance. Above all, however, this notion of guilt leads us to question whether the conscience’s precedence actually does entail our reliance on it. If the conscience can be seen to be malicious one might assume it is not all good or a worthy mechanism by which to make ‘ethical decisions’. Should we ‘always’ ‘follow’ our conscience if it occasionally encourages us to impart malevolence towards others? Yet, admittedly, I have placed the conscience, somewhat clumsily, in a potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le by inappropriately treating it as an inanimate transcendent ‘object’. ‘The conscience’ is a misleading phrase – it can not be addressed in literal terms as the above-mentioned figures and I have done so. It is an ambiguous concept; a culmination of ideas, not a figurehead or core being that people must obey. In doing this I have partially neglected the fundamental points initially outlined; those of human response to the conscience, as well as the issue of ‘ethical decisions’. The point is that the human being is its conscience – they work in tandem – yet the individual conscience is contingent on the social conscience and vice versa. It is an eternal cog of human reasoning, working jointly to maintain relations and prevent wrongdoing. There is a deterministic problem associated with this question: if the conscience is a necessary mechanism then seemingly we cannot escape it – ‘always’ following our conscience places it in a more authoritative rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le than a judicial one. Aquinas, for one, believed that ‘following’ our conscience is ‘always’ right despite it not necessarily entailing good – is this really the kind of mindset we want when making ‘ethical decisions’? If one is to take Hume’s view of appetital dominance, the human essence being the guidance of our nature, we can, to an extent, countermand this. One might argue that the conscience is just a constraint on our essential urges. A constraint on the collective’s blossoming; Sartre asserting that â€Å"we must act out passion before we can feel it†27. Even today in such a complex, interlaced world there is a question over whether our primitive essence would beget greater happiness. Not at all am I suggesting that humans should revert to being primal, nor that happiness should be the human race’s ultimate goal, but, in terms of making ‘ethical decisions’, must one rely on the conscience? Indeed, there is a danger that reliance on appetites would encourage societal and individual regression. Hence, a viable alternative must be suggested. For me, this comes in the form of Social Darwinism (‘survival of the fittest’); that mankind evolves by means of competition, â€Å"the very essence of instinct is that it’s followed independently of reason†28. Darwin appeared to prioritise appetites; using them as a means for societal progression. One might assert that this ideal comes closest to loosening the fetters of both individual conscience and societal restraint, whilst not jeopardising our future. In answering the question, the various examples presented in this essay – of the conscience being dominant in its essence – suggest to me that in any case the conscience deters our ‘decision’-making. Indeed, if we feel by any means constrained we are unable to make pure, objective ‘ethical decisions’, ergo, we should not be subservient to the conscience when making them. 1 Collins Dictionary & Thesaurus: Two books in one, 2004 2 Concise Oxford Dictionary: Tenth Edition, 1999 3 1 Thessalonians 5:23 4 Richard D. Patterson, The Third Day Motif, The Use Of Three In The Bible 5 The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy 6 Joseph Butler. Class notes. 7 This is addressed further with the issue of guilt later on. 8 Plato, The Republic 9 Plato, Phaedrus 10 This is intended to mean the essence of God, rather than merely ‘god-like’ attributes. 11 Pope’s Letter On Newman 12 David Hume 13 Sir Francis Bacon 14 Joseph Butler 15 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 2 16 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 2 17 Simon Soloveychik, Free Man 18 Spinoza’s Ethics 19 David Hume 20 John B. Watson 21 Sigmund Freud 22 Sigmund Freud 23 Fourth Lateran Council 24 Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment, Chapter 19 25 Hamlet, Act 3 Scene 3, l. 40 26 Jewish commentary 27 Jean-Paul Sartre 28 Charles Darwin