Payment system

Types of payment system: They could use Commission: Workers are paid a percentage of the products' sales value this would be suitable as it would motivate staff to sell more as they rely on commission to earn money. They could use a bonus scheme: Workers must achieve pre-agreed sales targets to earn the bonus. This would encourage staff to sell more which would increase the company's turnover and profits.They could offer sales staff a salary: This would provide staff with financial security. However, it may not motivate Taft to sell more are the same amount Is pay each month regardless of performance. Performance related system: where pay Is linked to performance, with higher level of performance leading to Increased pay. Time or flat rate system: In which pay Is expected as an hourly, weekly or annual rate. How it motivate staff? People feel strongly about it.Pay helps to satisfy many needs (e. G. Security, esteem needs, resources to pursue self-actualization) Pay is the subject of much important business legislation It helps attract reliable employees with the skills the business deeds for success Pay also helps retain employees – rather than them leave and perhaps Join a competitor For most employees, the remuneration package is the most Important part of a job – and certainly the most visible part of any Job offer.Effectiveness Money can be used to motivate employees across a broad spectrum of Industries. In fact, according to the Personnel Systems website, a survey conducted by the American Compensation Association and the American Productivity Center showed that up to 89 percent of companies using financial incentives for staff were rated costive or very positive by more than 1,500 individuals taking the survey.Because everyone can use more money, this is by far one of the most common and effective ways to motivate staff. Broad Options Another advantage of using money to motivate employees is that a company has broad options in terms of the way to use it. From special bonuses to commission pay to gift certificates and cash rewards, money can be used In a variety of ways to get employees to strive for bigger and better goals.Moreover, companies have the option o change It up, depending on the specific goal In mind, so that cash Isn't always the best In which money can be used to motivate; sometimes, It can be Increased benefits that save the employee money without the company needing to write a Money appeals to all demographics and can motivate the lowest grade employee all the way to the CEO. This is another distinct advantage of using it to motivate staff because it appeals to all types of staff. The less an employee makes, however, the more he may be motivated by a few extra dollars in his check or incentive pay of some sort.

A Troublesome Property: Master-Slave Relations in Florida, 1821-1865 Essay

  In the excerpt, â€Å"A Troublesome Property: Master-Slave Relations in Florida, 1821-1865, the author, Larry Rivers, focuses on the interaction between bondsmen and masters in Florida. It entails the theory that the master might claim the body of his property but could never quite dominate his or her soul. The state of Florida was one that differed in several aspects from other states in the old south which it made known as a free state. There were no slave laws and thus, it was considered a safe haven for many runaway slaves and the Seminole Indians. Due to the fact that there were no slave laws, the slaves often rebelled against their masters. As a result of such rebellions, there was a discipline problem that led many owners to perceive their slaves as â€Å"a troublesome property.† The three areas that the slaves had trouble with their owners were religious behavior, interpersonal relations, and work. With regards to religion, many slave owners, such as, Zephaniah Ki ngsley and Judge Wilkerson believed that religious expressions were a form of independence and would threaten slave control. They believed that their slaves’ would become more empowered and have more bravery and be more difficult to handle and more disobedient. However, other slave owners believed that it should be used as an instrument of control. When slaves were actually able to attend Christian services, it was by a white minister who taught them to obey their masters in order to be saved by God. However, if they disobeyed them, they would not be saved, but destined for damnation. Another aspect, in which there was controversy, was with interpersonal relations. Slave owners believed that if the slaves were married and maintained a family that it would lead to good behavior and higher productivity. Yet, there were many slave owners who did not want their slaves marrying other slaves from different plantations. Nor did these slave owners want their slaves having other slave s visit them or vice versa. The only reason that those slave owners eventually complied is for the fact that the number of male slaves on certain properties began outnumbering the number of female slaves. Slaves were then only allowed to marry if they vowed to remain loyal to their masters and kept working efficiently.   The  work patterns of the slaves were another aspect that caused controversy. The legal system that gave planters absolute power was said to not ensure effective control of the quality or quantity of work performed. Slaves often resisted and insufficient supervision intensified problems. As a result, Slave owners were forced to compromise with the slaves; allowing slaves to report to work after sunrise and to work under less-immediate supervision than other plantations had. Gang systems were also implemented to increase the efficiency and productivity of the workers. Nevertheless, many slaves were performing poorly, resulting in the decision of severe punishments and threats of being sold. When that failed they resorted to positive inducements which included; extra days off during the holidays, additional food allotments, additional free time, or money. In my opinion, I believe the information provided was very insightful. Rivers gave an in depth understanding on the relationsh ip between the slave masters and the slaves. It was very rewarding to know that not all slaves were submissive to their slave masters but rather many stood up for what they believe in. I commend all the slaves that were brave enough to risk their own life’s to practice their religion the right way in secret. They knew what the repercussions would be harsh but they had to fight for what they believed in. I also want to praise the brave men and women who chose to fight back, like Douglass Dorsey who tried to poison his master after witnessing how brutally his mother was treated. The slaves used what they had to their advantage leaving the slave owners no other choice but to bargain with them; this is an epitome of how standing up for what you believe in can make a difference.

Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Health Care Essay

Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Health Care - Essay Example This dissertation will discuss the impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Healthcare services using specific examples. It will also focus on the impact it has had on the workforce, patients and the organizations themselves. Mergers and acquisitions or M&A as it is popularly called, come to influence the organizations that undergo the process as there are numerous changes especially at the top levels such as in the ownership, in mode of operation, and also in the way the business is done. Of the three strategic assets that have been listed above, the degree of cultural cohesion is found to be the most important asset in the ultimate outcome of the deal. In fact, cultural cohesion also happens to be the one that impacts the extent to which qualitative talent retention can be achieved. It is a common practice for companies in the modern days to publish their cultural heritage and values. However, it has always been found that whatever is mentioned does not always mean that it exists there in the existing culture of the place. Anthropologists have always believed that the procedure for knowing about a particular group's culture does not necessarily begin by asking members to identify the specific traits. In fact, in most instances, the cultural traits of the surroundings are not easily identified by the members belonging to the social group. As such, gaining an insight into the nuances of cultural influences that are practiced over time within a specific group or organization involves a thorough process and means studying over prolonged periods of time and observation. This observation is used to form important questions about practices, disciplines and the techniques used to define and solve problem using well-formed strategies (K. Conner, 1991). Cultural Cohesion The amount of cohesion within a company's cultural domain is dependent on the proper identification of the organization's cultural components, which can be mapped directly to the structural components of the building such as the foundation, walls, beams etc. therefore, it is extremely necessary to carry out a thorough inspection of the whole area, identify and assess the walls of a building so as to be able to arrive at possible conclusions on the integrity of the space before the entire place can be restructured or renovated. Despite the fact that a company may have been acquired given the positive opinion on attributes such as brands, competencies, stocks and assets, the real success for a merged enterprise depends on whether the necessary steps have been initiated to identify and retain the organization's predominant cultural attributes that sustain and support the necessary inherent valuable resources (R Grant, 1991). Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the organizations involved To begin with, it should be understood that healthcare services has in itself become an industry due to several factors, the major one being the rapid rise in population over the last couple of decades. It's a well known fact that increase in population implies increasing demand for health care services. Changing environmental factors and the proliferation of new diseases arising out of them also has been a major factor towards commercialization of health care services. Also the improving lifestyles of the people seeking healthcare servic

Journal Review of this article - The consequences of visual impairment Essay

Journal Review of this article - The consequences of visual impairment for childrens symbolic and functional play - Essay Example is paper will analyze, the importance of vision or how the lack of vision through some visual impairment will affect the overall development of the children, through a journal, The consequences of visual impairment for children’s symbolic and functional play written by V. Lewis, S. Norgate, G. Collis and R. Reynolds. The crucial formative years only functions as a perfect setting for the child to develop physically, intellectually and emotionally. And with the eye playing the chief role, the children with visual impairment are put at a disadvantage and the journal justifies it through lot of studies and surveys about functional and symbolic plays. Functional play is defined as the appropriate play with toys, which are physically similar to everyday objects but often of a different size. While symbolic play is defined as the play, in which the children will participate, where they will substitute something for something else. The main aim of the studies carried out in this journal is to find out, the effect, visual impairment (VI) will have on the symbolic and functional play of the children. Other aims of the study include, to explore the relationships between functional and symbolic play and language ability as well as autistic-like behaviors in children with VI. By using the Symbolic Play Test (SPT) and by using the Test of Pretend Play (ToPP), the study confirmed the previously reported fact that delay in the development of pretend play occurs in children with VI. And the final results of this study have clearly demonstrated that children with VI are more likely to produce functional and symbolic play in structured settings only. But even in the structured settings, they will be at a great disadvantage if they are required to play with several objects at a time. So this article gives lot of views and results that gives new meanings and reasons. The reasons for the total absence or partial absence of functional and symbolic play in visually impaired children

Utilizing Assessment Rubrics to Evaluate Learning Assignment

Utilizing Assessment Rubrics to Evaluate Learning - Assignment Example Using a rubric, students develop a clear sense of what is required of them on a given assignment. A rubric outlines details such as the length of the assignment, the content, which is important in directing students on what would be relevant or irrelevant if covered (Helvoort 2010, p.27). The rubric is also gives instructions on the referencing requirements. Perhaps the most important use of the rubric is its use as an instrument that defines the standards in every assignment (Hauser and Bowen, 2009). This is such that, by going through the rubric, the student is made aware of what they need to do to garner scores within the highest score brackets. The rubric outlines the way one has to arrange their thoughts in order come up with a paper that attracts good grades, the proper way to reference their work and the grammatical demands (Hauser and Bowen, 2009). In this, tutors are able to aid their students to grasp the standards of the profession (Oakleaf, 2008 p.245) in a concise manner. In addition, students can understand their grades by going through the rubric to discover costly omissions and commissions that marred their ability to score the grades they were aiming for. An effective rubric applies the use of the following three domains. The first, the affective domain, addresses the intersect between the values and beliefs of patients and nurses, and how these apply to the treatment regimen. Secondly is the cognitive domain, addressing the extent of knowledge of nurses. This domain has to do with analysis and application of what is known to the nurse. Finally is the psychomotor domain, addressing the technical skills at the nurse’s disposal (Cecilia, 2013). These domains have to be incorporated into the rubric as demonstrated. A good rubric, according to Oakleaf (2008, p.254) is in synchrony with the learning objectives of the course. This tests the retention and application abilities of the students, that is the cognitive skills of learners. In

CAREER PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CAREER PLAN - Essay Example I took up Business Management at Webster University because of this interest to know more on running a business, understanding what it takes to establish and develop your products, getting the whole team work towards propelling the products to market success. I have also been interested in marketing, and how advertisements work to make the client notice different brands and products. I have always had passion for business. There is something about creating your own means of livelihood and making goals for this business that catches my interest to learn more and understand the subject. These are also the very reasons why I have set an eye towards pursuing higher education tackling business management. Moreover, my interest in learning about other countries’ culture and economics prompted me to seek more knowledge on international business and trade, with the goal of someday being able to establish a career in global marketing management. For now, the goal is to get the necessar y masters degree and apply the learnings in my current job as Sales Manager at General Motors in KSA. Obtaining a Master’s Degree does not only mean having another milestone to place in my resume, but more importantly to show that there happened a knowledge enhancement that I could apply in my future endeavors. While having related work experience is important, having a good grasp on the principles of Business Management is equally important for me to be able to compete with other colleagues also vying for career development. A Master’s Degree is necessary because it is a requirement for potential promotion. More and more people obtain a post graduate degree to be more competitive, to have the edge over those who do not. This is understandably so because a Masters Program allows students to enhance skills acquired from hands on experience in their respective jobs. This decision to take up Masters Program is also timely because my journey as a student would be simultane ous to my growth as professional. The two facets of my life complement each other. Fiver years from now, I see myself still with my current company, still doing Sales and Marketing. More importantly, I see myself facing bigger tasks, probably handling more accounts and having my own team of Sales People, achieving sales forecasts and getting more accounts. General Motors sees a rise in automobile sales in 2011 (General Motors Sees 54% Surge in Saudi Car Sales 2011), and as a sales person, I see the potential despite the global economic crisis. The strength of the brand is one of its keys to success, and I believe that General Motors will continue to compete with Japanese brands. This is also why I want to be part of this company that is still evolving and reinventing itself to suit the requirements of the target market. With this vision in mind, I have to ensure that I continue to be highly aware of the latest in the industry where I am in now. I will apply all concepts and learning s from graduate school to actual situations. Market analysis will generally revolve around the auto industry, touching topics on manufacture and distribution. To see that the automobile industry still has growth potential makes me feel assured that I am in the right track and with the right company. It is also in this light that I want to become better versed in Information Technology, to use

Globlization 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globlization 2 - Assignment Example In the case of a global curriculum, the financing and cooperation of the countries and other stakeholders, to develop curriculum in the education sector. The curriculum development of the people will be achieved through stakeholder involvement and the development of the necessary skills of the company. The curriculum development in a global perspective still faces challenges in the process Table of Contents Executive summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Stakeholders in global curriculum development 4 Trend in education development 5 Issue of research 7 Reference 9 Introduction Globalization and curriculum development have been the main focus of the curriculum developers. Globalization is viewed to positively affect curriculum development and facilitate the development of the reliability of education in industrial workforce requirement. Abrams & Kreiner (2003) describe Industrial analysis as a market evaluation tool intended to provide a company with an idea of how complex a s pecific industry is. In case of higher institutions of learning in the UK, it involves reviewing the economic, political and market factors that influence the way the industry develops. There have been different techniques developed to evaluate complexity levels in different industries. Some of the techniques used are strategic group mapping and the Michael Porter’s five forces framework. Strategic group mapping according to Porter (1998) is an analytical tool that is used in business to display competition and then illustrate how industry changes could affect the particular business. On the other hand, Michael Porter’s Five Forces Framework is an outline that can be used to analyze any industry and establish the intensity of the competition in the particular industry resulting to a vivid picture of the state of the particular industry (Burgers 2008). The development of an inclusive curriculum is dependent on the contribution of stakeholders. The major stakeholders in curriculum development are the states or governments with the participation of the local communities. Curriculum development and globalization are tied because of the changing global labor requirement. Stakeholders in global curriculum development The major challenge in global curriculum development is on the different types of curriculum employed by the countries both in the western nations and Africa. The developing nations do not have a major problem because the majority of the curriculum is developed from the western education systems. Despite the differences in the curriculum, the major stakeholders are the governments or states who develop the guidelines for the curriculum. For a global curriculum to be developed, several issues must be addressed, which includes the needs of the society and the global population. An effective curriculum must factor in the global needs of the society and must be relevant to the labor and industrial needs. The main issue is the creation of inter national guidelines. Current settings in the international guidelines illustrate the difference in the curriculum development and the needs of the various countries in terms of work force. The development of a global curriculum may not be possible in all the educational programs and subjects but mathematics can be a major breakthrough because of the standard operatives involved in the subject. The main stakeholders in c

Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton - Essay Example   Burton, in his bid to ensure that the film retained its most critical aspects consulted heavily with Sondiem, the latter giving as much advice as possible throughout the process.I find that the film has continued to follow Sondiem’s plot while at the same time attempting to make it as short as possible so that it can retain the basic length of motion pictures. Sondiem’s influence can be seen throughout the film, starting from the costumes worn by the actors to the music being performed and this shows that despite the play being adapted to film, it remains faithful to its roots on stage. Furthermore, Burton is able to put his own mark on the film through his ensuring that it is not only dark, but it also includes those roles that different actors play extremely well, hence the film has a natural feel to it. In this way, it is possible to find that the different actors are actually quite comfortable in their roles, hence making the film more natural as it moves from o ne scene to another.However, I find that while the main plot of the play is retained in the film, the latter does not completely remain loyal to the script as seen where the roles of some characters is diminished in favor of others. I believe that this might be as a result of the shorter length of the film when compared to the play which is actually quite long and the original plot cannot be included. I have come to notice that the roles of some of the minor characters are completely removed and that some of their lines are given to other characters.  

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes Essay Example for Free

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes Essay On April 15 Americans rush to a crowded parking lot, racing against a deadline to file their 1040. These well-intentioned, hard working, honorable Americans believe that they are duty bound and even bound by a law requiring them to pay an income tax on their labor. Also, there exists a populous with like-attributes who do not believe that they are bound by law nor is the payment of such taxes a duty but rather a disservice to the nation. This controversial issue first gained my interest about 1 year ago, when it was brought to my attention in a free speech tax debate. As a well seasoned tax professional of 4  ½ years, and my major concentration of studies being in accounting and taxation, I was compelled to find out the truth about the legality of income tax. After much research, I have not been able to find the law that requires the American people to pay such a tax on their labor nor have I been able to find a provision for such a tax in either the Internal Revenue Code or the United States Constitution. If there is such a law, requiring Americans to pay an income tax on their labor, the United States government should show the people that law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to understand the legality of taxes, we must first refer to both the constitutional provisions for taxes levied and the constitutional context of the terminology used in such provisions. â€Å"On every question of the construction of the Constitution, let us carry ourselves back to the time when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed.† –Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Johnson, Supreme Court Justice, 1823 While observing the taxation clauses of the United States Constitution, two types of tax can be determined, a direct tax and an indirect tax. Although, the term â€Å"indirect tax† does not actually appear in the Constitution, its meaning is implied here as â€Å"any tax that is not a direct tax.† A direct tax is a tax that cannot be avoided nor passed on, if it is owed. The Constitution specifically states for the case of a direct tax, that it must be apportioned among the several states according to their population. An example of a direct tax in which the government may levy, is tax on land due to ownership, simply because the land exists. Meaning that regardless of what the land is used for or who owns it, the tax is on the land and the owner of the land is liable for the tax due.   (Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any?) Meaning of Income Although there are sections that mention the term â€Å"income†, term itself is not properly defined in the Internal Revenue Code. There is not clear cut definition with regards to this term. In the Internal Revenue Code’s Section 61a, the term â€Å"income† is vaguely implied. An example of this would be income as defined by IRS agents as (not even) earnings â€Å"from whatever source derived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Supreme Court, however, has come up with a legal definition of income for the purposes of taxation. The Supreme Court    does not consider tax as something levied on a person’s earnings through his personal labor. Here are some cases to show an example. SO. PACIFIC v. LOWE, 238 F. 847 (U.S. Dist. Ct.   S.D. N.Y. [1917]; 247 U.S. 330 [1918]cite that   income as used in the statute should be given a meaning so as not to include everything that comes in. The true function of the words gains andprofits is to limit the meaning of the word income†. The case of Staples v. U.S., 21 F Supp 737 U.S. Dist. Ct. ED PA, 1937 likewise has a similar take on the term.   â€Å"Income within the meaning of the 16th Amendment and the Revenue Act, means gain and in such connection gain means profit proceeding from property severed from capital, however invested or employed, and coming in, received, or drawn by the taxpayer, for his separate use, benefit and disposal.   (Legal Minds Community) The Grace Commission Peter Grace and Jack Anderson formed the Grace Commission in 1982. This was a rejoinder to then President Reagan’s PRESIDENTS PRIVATE SECTOR SURVEY ON COST CONTROL.   The Grace Commission made recommendations that would save the taxpayers $424.4 billion over three years. The suggestions made did not compromise essential services or raising taxes. The Grace Commission also accurately predicted the accumulation of multi-trillion dollar government debt by 2000 if the government would do nothing to remedy the present situation.   (Truth in Taxation.US) Furthermore, the Grace Commission revealed that tax collection is not a hundred percent. Only one-third of the total collectibles is collected and the remaining two-thirds is either wasted or not collected. The total amount collected goes to the payment of federal debt. The payment of wage taxes supports global banking but does benefit neither Americans nor the government in any way. In short, the payment of wage taxes goes to nowhere near providing benefits to the American people.   (Truth in Taxation.US) The declaration of Independence defined labor as â€Å"property of the most sacred kind†.   Labor is among the unalienable rights. These include â€Å"the right of men to pursue their happiness, by which is meant, the right any lawful business or vocation, in any manner not inconsistent with the equal rights of others, which may increase their prosperity or develop their faculties, so as to give them their highest enjoyment†.   (Paul) That said collecting income taxes on an individual’s gains from his personal labor is illegal. Works Cited Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any? 2004. 25 October 2007 http://www.constitutionalincome.com/first_chapter.php. Legal Minds Community. The 16th explained. 17 January 1998. 25 October 2007 http://legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/fedtax-l/msg01860.html. Paul, Ron. Cases on Income. 2007. 25 October 2007 http://irwinschiff.homestead.com/CasesOnIncome.html. Truth in Taxation.US. Where Do Your Taxes Go? 2003. 25 October 2007 http://truthintaxation.us/?tax_inform=whereTaxesGo.

A Worn Path Short Story Research Paper Essay Example for Free

A Worn Path Short Story Research Paper Essay Many obstacles can be taken when one desired the most is at risk. Phoenix Jackson is an old woman who has the right intentions, but meets many conflicts on the way. In the short story, â€Å"A Worn Path†, Eudora Welty predicts that one never knows where a path will end up leading them through conflict and symbolism. Phoenix Jackson warns that one never knows where a path will end up leading to. In the short story â€Å"a Worn Path†, Phoenix Jackson goes through many obstacles on the path to find medicine for her â€Å"grandson† (Welty). Phoenix is on a mission to retrieve treatment for her grandson. She is willing to face anything that gets in the way of her path leading to her destination. As Phoenix faces her journey she will reach conflicts beyond the way. While on the path to complete her mission phoenix stumbles upon many conflicts. In the short story â€Å"a Worn Path†, Phoenix comes encounter with intimidation of a â€Å"young hunter† in the woods (Heller). The hunter tests the old lady of weakness as he boasts of himself throughout the scavenged woods. Although the hunter has a gun with any possible chance to use it on Phoenix, she resembles courage upon the conflict for going about her business and continuing about her quest. In the short story â€Å"a Worn Path†, old woman Phoenix struggled up a hill â€Å"extricate[ed] herself from a thorn bush†, and crossed a log over a creek (Piwinski). As the woman struggles to get out of the bush she chooses to not give up and continue forward her path. The woods may have brought conflict and obstacles to Phoenix, but that won’t stop her from reaching the end of her journey.

The Effect of Technology on Globalization

The Effect of Technology on Globalization Technology is understood to be the driving force of globalization that began in the 18th century and has continued ever since to the 21st century, in-between three industrial revolutions have taken place. The 1st industrialization revolution was in the 18th century that took place in manufacturing industries. The 2nd industrialization revolution was in the services industries. The 3rd industrialization revolution of the 21st century which we are going through is know as information age as described by Adam Smith. This technological development has helped globalise the world economy and it is also known as the Kondrative long Wave process (K-wave)  [3]  . As the diagram below shows:- The diagram describes the tends of technological changes that have taken place since the industrialization revolution, relating from production, distribution and communication, that has fuelled the globalization. It has brought about innovation and interaction between nations that werent possible before. That has led to some of the greatest invention that revolutionized trade, communication and interaction to a whole new level and increased globalization .As Thomas Friedmans said Globalization is not a choice. Basically, 80% of it is driven by technology  [4]  . According to Cable (1995) Transportation costs are falling with improved physical communication with the help of improved technological advances in telecommunication, computing, fibre optics and satellites.  [5]  Which has resulted in the speeding up of information flow and the transportation of goods across nations more quickly and efficiently . This is being achieved through the technologies mentioned above, that is at the heart of the communication and transportation globalization, which is ongoing. Joseph Schumpeter has called it a glaze of creative distraction  [6]  . Take for instance transportation system wouldnt have been made possible without the invention off steam engine in 1796 a problem solved by James Watts  [7] The diffusion of steam engine technology to streamline ships, with the help of propulsion technology and the introduction of Jet Aircraft in 1950s brought about new dynamics of globalization which has allowed flexibility in movement of labour freely. This innovation has allowed massive economic expansion to take place and caused Global Shrinkage, in terms of distances. As the Diagram below illustrates on how travelling distances have been reduced over time and made world smaller: The diagram shows the Global Shrinkage: the effect of changing transportation technologies on Real distances  [8]  . Improvements made in transportation and the development of containerization allowed goods to move from place to place and continent to continents ever since its launch in 1956 to move goods from Newark, New Jersey to Houston Texas through the Gulf of Mexico  [9]  . Shipping ports around the world have cranes built to lift the containers more efficiently and thus saving money and speeding trade. Compare to pre-containership era of 1960s where trade was slow and unreliable that also fall due to bad weather or thieves. As Economist Paul Kurgnam says that the result is new economic geography requiring new theories of location and trade. The changes have been both technological and political  [10]  . Technological development has helped increased globalization. A prime example of technological globalization is that China and India have benefited economically as technologies like airplane, container ships have allowed China to export its goods to Europe and US vice versa and allowed countries to exploit their comparative advantage in trade. Article named The container that changed the world published by Virginia Postrel in New York times re-enforces the point that Low transport costs help make it economically sensible for a factory in China to produce Barbie dolls with Japanese hair, Taiwanese plastics and American colorants, and ship them off to eager girls all over the world, writes Marc Levinson in The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger  [11]  . According to Kondrative Wave (K Wave) system we are in the fifth cycle that is known as the Information Age. The Internet /World Wide Web has been the biggest thing to come out of Information technology advancements. That has revolutionized how information is passed or its availability thus creating an economy based on knowledge. The Internet has been described as a decentralized, global medium of communication comprising a global web of linked networks and computers.  [12]  As people across countries can trade and communicate instantaneously economically, for example e-mail has allowed instant communication through the World Wide Web, World Wide Web on the other has made World One as countries can now trade with each other, all made possible due to the cost effectiveness technological advance like the internet /world wide web. Where information is been exchanged at a global level instantaneously. As Information is the new mantra that spells success in the modern world  [13] Technology like the Internet has given rise to E-commerce; E-commerce that refers to business conducted through means of electronic communication networks like Internet. That has brought about new dynamics to the globalization of businesses. Where virtual business can be set up and trade worldwide without any barriers stopping them. For example business like Amazon, Borders and eBay that have sprung up because of Internet have transformed the way small business operate and have given opportunity to individuals to enter these global markets. As Internet help provides a cheaper faster way of communication between business and its consumers worldwide. Another sector that has seen the biggest impact because of technological globalization is the financial sector, where diffusion of information based technology has made possible people around the world to trade 24/7 trading has moved to electronic system from the physical system making money move more efficiently and on a faster level, thus allowing more participation of those people who are connected with the internet. Technology has also impacted the cultural globalization with inventions like telephone and television. Telephone has made it feasible for any one to talk to each other regardless of where they are geographically in the world, all made possible with the help of satellites and mobile phones that has made possible to make a call, receive e-mail, texts and even allow video call. It is due to technological advancements made in the field of communication, as seen no countries are now really apart. All made possible due to technological breakthrough in communication that have revolutionized business, commerce, and linked millions of people. TV on the other hand has connected parts of world, where they feel and see without having to leave the room. On TVS by just a touch of the remote button, that allows people to explore worlds on different channels it is made available because of Internet, communication advances and with the help of sounds and visual that are transmitted through the TV. Co mmunication technology has brought the world closer and people closer regardless of where they are in the world. We have found out that form the 1st industrial revolution Technology has had a great impact in the globalization as it help join the world together, where distance is no barrier for trade and is considered to be an essential part of economic globalization activity. As Friedman pointed out that 80% of globalization is technology driven. The technological development made in areas like communication and the invention of telephone and Mobile phones all with the help of satellites has made help removed the time and distance that has excited before. Transportation on the other hand has allowed trade to take place more efficiently and cost effectively with the help of the containerships, Jet Airplane and electric trains. It has helped facilitated growth between nations, as countries are able to take advantage of their comparative advantages as large goods can be exported and imported between countries. The spread of information technology has made production networks cheaper and easier, all made possible because of digital networks like the Internet that is cost effective. This has been one of the fundamental economic globalization factors that have helped overcome the friction of distance and time. Without these technological advancements globalization would not be made possible or even achieved As the K-Wave shows the types of technologic advances at different stages of industrialization and there economic impact that all began in the late 18th century.

Attitudes Towards Love in Pre-1900 and 1990s Poetry Essay -- William

Attitudes Towards Love in Pre-1900 and 1990's Poetry â€Å"The Despairing Lover† written by William Walsh was written pre 1900 whilst the second poem â€Å"I Wouldn’t Thank you for a Valentine† by Liz Lockhead was written in the 1990’s. These poems are almost a century apart. Attitude towards love changes over time and these poems represent this. I Wouldn’t Thank you for a Valentine is about how people think about Valentine’s Day in the 1990’s, while The Despairing Lover is showing what people think and how important they see love in the 1990’s. In â€Å"The Despairing Lover† William Walsh sets out the poem like a story with a beginning a middle and an end. This narrative structure of the poem gives the poem three clear stages this making the poem clearer to the reader and enables the poets written words to portray his ideas with the poem. In the first stanza William Walsh is seen to be in ‘anguish’ over his loss of his lover. However in the second stanza his mood swings to being just unhappy to suicidal, â€Å"it’s torment projecting and sadly reflecting’. This also shows how the poet William Walsh’s mind is working. In the third stanza, the poet realizes he might get ‘a new love.’ William Walsh realises his loss and believes he can find someone else. The words used in the despairing lover shows Walsh emotions, for example the use of the word â€Å"anguish† instead of angry is used because it is more dramatic. After reading the first two stanza’s the reader is almost positive that the poet is going to commit suicide and is just leading up to a big climax where he jumps. However there is an unexpected twist where the poet just calms down and thinks he can find love again. This shows the poet’s structure of the poem and how ... ...ion and repetition. Another comparison between the two poems is we are both hearing the viewpoint from the poet not from anybody else. Both the poems also have a story behind them. I wouldn’t thank you for a valentine has a hidden story and that is about something bad happening to her on valentines day. While the despairing lover story is about the poet coping with the break up from his lover. On the other hand their are also many differences between the two poems. There structure is different while the despairing lover is set out like a story with a begging a middle and an end. I wouldn’t thank you for a valentine structure is set out like a list. Another difference is that the despairing lover has rhyming couplets while the second poem doesn’t. A final difference between the two poems is the both have different opinions on love and what love is like.

The Feminine in William Butler Yeats Poetry Essay -- Poems Women femi

The Feminine in William Butler Yeats' Poetry William Butler Yeats had a long history of involvement with women. He was deeply affected by all types of women; from love interests with Mrs. Olivia Shakespear, Maud Gonne and her adopted daughter Iseult, to a partnership and friendship with Lady Gregory, to marriage with Georgie Hyde-Lees, and finally the birth of his own daughter Anne Yeats. These relationships are reflected in his poetry on many different and multi-layered levels. The mentions of women in his work gives the readers some historical content as well as show the development of his feminine idea. As different as his many relationships with women were, so was his reflection of them in his writing. Yeats took people he knew and transformed them into images and patterns of order (Unterecker 12). In this case, it is important to notice Yeats's use of biography within his poetry. In 1889, Yeats was introduced to Maud Gonne who became a central part of his life and major theme in his work. She was an adamant Irish nationalist and a beautiful woman to Yeats. He pursued her much of his life, only to be rejected repeatedly by her. In 1894 he met Mrs. Olivia Shakespear whom he regarded as a confidant, despite their short affair. Yeats found friendship and maternal caring in Lady Gregory. "She became for him an image of aristocratic courtesy" (Untereker 14). Yeats spent time at her estate, Coole Park, and traveled often with Lady Gregory and her son Robert. He became director of Abbey Theatre with Lady Gregory in 1906. In 1911 he met George Hyde-Lees and due to the encouragement of Mrs. Shakespear and Lady Gregory he proposes. Yeats married Georgia Hyde-Lees and on February 2 4, 1919 their daughter Anne was bo... ...ess. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Jeffares, Norman A. A New Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984. Keane, Patrick J. Yeats, Joyce, Ireland, and the Myth of the Devouring Female. MO: University of Missouri Press, 1988. Kline, Gloria C. The Last Courtly Lover: Yeats and the Idea of Woman. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1983. Stubbings, Diane. Anglo-Irish Modernism and the Maternal: From Yeats to Joyce. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Unterecker, John. A Reader's Guide to William Butler Yeats. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Whitaker, Thomas R. Swan and Shadow: Yeats's Dialogue with History. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1964. Yeats, W.B. The Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Ed. Richard J. Finneran. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay

In her anthology Written by Herself, Jill Ker Conway discuses a central theme in black women’s autobiography that is fully shown in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970) by Maya Angelou: â€Å"Because, from girlhood, these women faced the dual injustices of racial hostility and male exploitation, their life histories are told with no hint of romantic conventions. They describe, instead, a quest for physical and psychological survival† (3). Angelou’s illustration of her childhood and adolescence shows her frequent conflicts with racism, sexism, and injustice at the same time that the Maya describes her personal qualities, events, and the people that helped her to survive the destructive effects of her environment and served as positive role models for her. Despite the constant oppression she faced as a girl growing up lacking financial or other means of subsistence in the racially segregated town of Stamps, Arkansas, Angelou gives emphasis to the role models of her family members who sustained and raised her. These people contributed to Angelou’s development into a brave, independent young black woman. A Song of Transcendence: Maya Angelou Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published at the end of the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and it carries with itself the bitter and hard-won fruit of this historical period. Angelou knows the cruel realities of life in the raciest Deep South in the mid-twentieth century. As the critic Roger Rosenblatt (1974) has stated, â€Å"No black American author has ever felt the need to invent a nightmare to make [her] point† (174). As Maya Angelou describes her childhood: â€Å"High spots in Stamps were usually negative: droughts, floods, lynchings and deaths† (Conway 45). Touched by the harsh effects of these negative forces, Maya Angelou goes through her life with sense of self-importance and self-respect. She moves forward toward a goal of freedom with a sense of self-knowledge, an understanding of the political realities of black life in the racist South, and a realization of the responsibility that such an understanding involves. Significant Others Maya describes several Black women nurturing a young Black girl in a racist and sexist society. These Black women characters serve as positive role models for Maya. This autobiography illustrates how Black women love themselves and each other in spite of living in a world that does not love or respect them. Angelou’s work describes a positive character of Black women who support each other and still remain individuals, free to choose their own paths to self-sufficiency. Angelou writes: â€Å"if growing up is painful for the Southern black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat. It is an unnecessary insult† (4). Her autobiography illustrates the painful double strikes of becoming Black and female adult. As a young girl, Maya Angelou has a strong desire to be white, to be a member of what she considers as the more favored and lucky race. The girl dreams to wake up out of her â€Å"ugly black dream† and instead become a white girl with beautiful long blond hair and blue eyes (2). She is aware, even as a little girl, that her â€Å"nappy black hair† and dark skin are not valued highly. The girl begins her difficult life with the painful feeling of not being â€Å"good enough,† since Maya could not find girls who were black in any literature or movies. From the age of three Maya Angelou is raised and nurtured by her devoutly religious grandmother that is severely correct in attention to rules and morality. The girl calls her grandmother â€Å"Momma. † Although Maya realizes that she is often perplexed by her grandmother’s manners, she definitely loves and respects her. This substitute mother-daughter relationship provides some state of being secure for the young Maya. Some feminist literature emphasizes the meaning of the mother-daughter relationship for young women’s psychological development (Iglesias and Cormier 259). Maya gives prominence to the important role of her grandmother (and later, her mother). Angelou’s account strategy bears witness to the strong impact these relationships had on her life, and in the end on her literary work. Maya Angelou places emphasis on the role of the black woman that has played in shaping her unique individual characteristics and destiny. Nancy Chodorow (1978) asserts that â€Å"because of their mothering by women, girls come to experience themselves as less separate than boys, as having more permeable ego boundaries. Girls come to define themselves more in relation to others† (93). In A Poetics of Women’s Autobiography, Sidonie Smith analyzes different theories of women’s autobiography and discusses among them â€Å"theories that distinguish women’s autobiographies by the way in which women seem to unfold their story through their relationship to a significant ‘other’† (18). Maya Angelou feels the pain of racism as she observes her dearly loved paternal grandmother endure embarrassment when white girls call her â€Å"Annie† instead of addressing her with respect as â€Å"Mrs. Henderson. † Being a teenager, Maya has a similar situation when she is â€Å"called out of her name† by a white female employer who calls her â€Å"Mary† (108). Momma Henderson’s painful experiences have prepared Maya Angelou for her own encounters with racist American society. The refusal of a white dentist, to whom Momma Henderson has provided loan, is another instance of the humiliation these two generations of Black women confront together. The dentist replied that he would â€Å"rather stick [his] hand in a dog’s mouth than in a nigger’s,† granddaughter and grandmother have to travel twenty-five miles to find the nearest Black dentist (189). The echo of Jim Crow, even so many years after slavery, places Black women at the very low position in a white patriarchal system. And yet despite the painful experience and examples of racism, Angelou’s autobiography is a story of victory and a praising of the strength and power of Black women. Maya portrays Momma Henderson as a strong, made by oneself, economically independent woman who has gained knowledge how operate and accomplish the goals in a world that believes women should be timid and dependent. Despite behavior conflicts with those who try to humiliate her, Momma Henderson is always the winner of any conflict because she never surrenders and retains her self-respect—and she teaches Maya Angelou to do the same. Vivian Baxter, Maya’s mother, is a woman of great ingenuity and has personal qualities like her own mother. She enjoys life, despite life’s troubles. From her mother, Maya learns the happiness of being a woman, delighting in the womanlike, and being proud of her Black female body. Mrs. Flowers, the â€Å"aristocrat† of Stamps, Arkansas, also encourages Maya to be â€Å"proud to be a Negro† (95). She helps Maya regain her self-confidence after the rape; she gives her lessons about the importance and beauty of language; she introduces to her great writers; and she gives her â€Å"lessons in living† so that Maya would learn to listen â€Å"carefully to what country people called mother wit †¦ couched in the collective wisdom of generations† (100). All of these black women teach Maya to love and respect herself, and to remember the generations of Black women who have come before her and helped pave a road of self-sufficiency in a strict world. Conclusion Maya Angelou played particular attention to the themes of motherhood within her autobiography. Angelou wrote a story in which both blackness and womanhood could be celebrated. What makes the work particularly powerful is her description of the vulnerable sexual positions in which black girls and women are placed. Readers see how Angelou presents black women among her family and friends and the significant role they play in providing the girl with security and love. Angelou describes black women as wise or trusted advisers in her intellectual development. Repeatedly Angelou expresses gratitude for the presence of these powerful and independent women in her life and credits them for the individual she becomes. Works Cited Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam Books, 1969. Chodorow, N. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Conway, Jill Ker ed. , Written by Herself: An Anthology, New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Iglesias, Elizabeth and Cormier, Sherry. â€Å"The Transformation of Girls to Women: Finding Voice and Developing Strategies for Liberation. † Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. Vol. : 30 (4), 2002. Rosenblatt, Roger. Black Fiction, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Smith, Sidonie. A Poetics of Women’s Autobiography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Business Case Essay

This business case outlines how the e-Saman project will address current business concerns, the benefits of the project, and alternative of the project. The business case also discusses detailed project goals, project’s MOV and alternative options. 1 Problem or Opportunity Currently, when students are summoned by the auxiliary police, they need to come to auxiliary police headquarters to check the status and pay their summons. If students do not know that they are being summoned, the summons would deferred and students must pay before graduate in order to get the certificate. In order to effectively manage summons in auxiliary police headquarters and reduce time consuming, auxiliary police headquarters must move to a web-based application as outlined in this business case for the e-Saman project. By doing so, it will easier to students to check and pay their summons and auxiliary police can manage all summons payment efficiently. 2 Organization’s Goal and Strategy Auxiliary police UiTM ‘s goals are: 1. Security policy makers in all UiTM campus. 2. Implementing security controls in a systematic and continuous. 3. Enforce laws and regulations on the safety of the university community in a prudent and proactive. 4. Providing security services affairs in an efficient and effectively 5. Manage the auxiliary police headquarters to be the professional security, integrity and accountability 1.3. Project’s Measurable Organizational Value 1. To inform the student about the summons that they got. 2. Student can pay online without have to go to the auxiliary police station. 3. To increase the efficiency in managing payment of the summons. 4. To inform the student about the latest news or announcement for example discount rate offer. 1.4. Option or Alternative Analyzed To develop an online system where: i. Students can check whether they got a summon or not. ii. Students can pay the summon through online using this system. iii. Students can get the information about the UiTM rules. iv. Students can get the latest news from UiTM. v. The e-Saman system is also provides an announcement. vi. The e-Saman system contains the rules and guidelines for students. vii. Students can know who the officer on due. 1.5. Alternative Explanation Recommended alternative is to develop an online system where student can check and pay bill online because: i. The only place that student can check the summons is at the police station. ii. Technology evolvement. In the new technology era, people nowadays cannot leave without using the internet. Therefore it is practical to use online system especially to student. iii. Time consuming for student to go pay manually. 2. Introduction 2.1. Background Organization The history of Security Department was initially started in 1974 when MARA University of Technology was fully established. Before that, the security control for the MARA University of Technology was entirely handled by the SafeGuard Security Company at the Jalan Othman, Petaling Jaya. The main purpose of the development of this department is to obtain some responsibility that concerning of the security, peaceful threatening and matters that relating to the Institute and the name of institute. The duties of this department are to enforce rules and regulations for UiTM is one of the â€Å"Executive Function† and status are given for ensuring UiTM image as a whole and the efficiency and effectiveness of towards campus society do not affecting at all. Generally, function of this unit are been divided into several group according form of tasks such as logistic and administration division, operation, special tasks and discipline. These forms of tasks are including:- †¢ Security Control †¢ Traffic Control †¢ Controlling the staffs and students discipline †¢ To avoid fire fighting †¢ Investigation †¢ Logistic and Administration †¢ Training Security Department was upgraded to UiTM Auxiliary Police on 18 April 2011. In the early years of the establishment of UiTM Auxiliary Police, it’s have been known as UiTM Help Security Unit later upgraded to the Security Department. Administrative structure varies according to the current development of universities either placed under the supervision of the Office of the Director, Office of the Registrar and the Office of the Chancellery. Beginning August 1, 2011, the Administration of Auxiliary Police is put under the Vice-Chancellor and known by the name of UiTM Auxiliary Police Headquarters. For state campuses, they were placed under the administration of the Campus Rector and known as the Office of Auxiliary Police. Function and role of Auxiliary Police still the same but the scope of duties and jurisdiction has been expanded to have police powers. System e-Saman is a system of integrated programs designed to make it easier for a user to discover information in a convenient way and become a vital to our life rather than Manual System. For these proposed, the development of e-Saman for Security Department of UiTM is being build up to determine the staff acceptance level of the e-Saman system and also to develop a solution replacing the existing conventional system with a web-based computerized system. Mainly, this project proposed to make information management more organized and effectives. The e-Saman is the new concept of system management where the entire organized summons will be supervised by on-line system. This new concept of system management will helped the Security Department of UiTM to control the students summon so that it will be more effective and efficient. Employees of Security Department of UiTM can easily updating and checking students summons. Besides that, they can storing and retrieve the summons’s records. For the students, they can pay online without have to go to the auxiliary police station. 2.2. Current Situation The current situation that happens in UiTM Auxiliary Police is the organization is still using the manual system in handling the student’s summons. The students have to go to the Office of UiTM Auxiliary Police to pay for the summons. Besides that, their staffs also need to find the summons’s records by manually that spend a lot of time. 2.3. Description of Problem or Opportunity UiTM Auxiliary Police is currently using the manual system in handling the student’s summons. Thus, the usage of the current system is less effectives where the employee in the department has to recheck the students summons manually. According to Security Officer of UiTM Auxiliary Police, their staffs have to spend a lot of time to recheck thousands of students’ summonses. This situation, involves high costs in paying staffs’ overtime-working hours. Besides that, it creates difficulties to the staff during the university’s convocation season. Almost thousands of summonses need to be rechecking and after that, they have to send notices to student directly to their permanent address. Because of that reason, this project is proposed to ensure all the problems relating to students summon can be solved and indirectly can help the UiTM by gearing its processes to the computerized system. 2.4. Project’s Measurable Organizational Value (zie buat ni salah, tapi hok betol tu jat try tengok dalam buku, dia bagi instruction untuk buat yang ni) The development of this system gives a lot of benefits both for the Security Department UiTM itself and the students. They are: †¢ The Security Department itself can increase the effectiveness of storing and retrieve data. †¢ All students in the Faculty of Information Technology and Quantitative Science can easily to check their summons without having to come to Security Centre. †¢ Reduce time to get the student summons status. †¢ Students are easy to access through the Internet. Students are able to interactively search for information and checking their summons. †¢ Employees of Security Department can easily updating and checking students summons. †¢ The entire students’ summonses are stored at the vulnerable place. Its more secure if compare to conventional system. 2.5. Project’s Measurable Organizational Value Supporting Details (ini pon samo) Reach for a higher measure of success, an information technology project can be on time and within budget, but that doesn’t mean it will be successful. The real measure of success is the value that the project delivers to the organization. A project MOV must be agreed upon. All project stakeholders should agree upon the MOV of a project before the project starts. This requirement includes making business stakeholders as well as technology stakeholders, such as analysts and developers; agree to the MOV before a project begins as a later measurement of project success. This is a difficult task as it is in one group of stakeholders’ interest to make the MOV high while it is in the interest of the technology stakeholders to make it low. This is especially difficult as it benefits the business side to trick or take advantage of the lack of business acumen from the technology side and requires the technologist to allow them to be judges of something that they neither understand nor ultimately control. Verifiability of the MOV is the key. Since the project’s MOV is measurable by definition it must then be verifiable. After the project has been completed the MOV is to be verified to determine if the project was successful or if it was not. 2.6. Objectives of Business Case †¢ Why a project should be undertaken? †¢ Identifying a problem to be solved or an opportunity to be pursued †¢ Providing recommend solutions and plans of action and the benefits of performing them. †¢ Adequately and competently request resources and explain why they are needed in order to succeed, as well as describe the likely benefits, primarily in increased revenue or reduced losses.

Catcher In the Rye vs. Grapes of Wrath Essay

The inherent aversion to corruption in society often inspires individuals to respond to the issue in hopes of minimizing the drastic effects it may have on people. This shared disdain for such corruption is analyzed in The Catcher in the Rye and The Grapes of Wrath. Both authors address the corruption; however they do so from different perspectives they come to differing resolutions. Both protagonists in their novels experience isolation as a result of society’s corruption; however, Salinger’s chooses to isolate himself whereas Steinbeck’s experiences isolation inadvertently. J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath share a social commentary about how corruption pervades every aspect of society and due to society’s corruption, people either experience isolation by choice or through condemnation. Alienation and isolation due to society’s corruption is relevant in both novels through the characterization of the protagonists. For example, Salinger develops Holden Caulfield, a socially inadequate teenager who distances himself from others due to their phoniness. From the onset of the novel, Salinger develops Holden’s desire to remove himself from society because of his belief that everyone is a phony. Although he disguises his motives to Old Spencer for leaving schools, Holden admits that â€Å"The reason [he] left Elkton Hills was because [he] was surrounded by phonies. That’s all. They were coming in the goddam window† (13). Holden goes to great efforts to distance himself from others believing that he alone is genuine and authentic in society. Later in the novel, Holden makes plans to go on a date with Sally Hayes and nearly cancels on account of her ‘phony language.’ Analyzing her talk Holden thinks â€Å"Grand. If there’s one word I hate, it’s grand. It’s so phony. For a second, I was tempted to tell her to forget about the matinee† (106). Holden also mentally isolates himself; he avoids social situations and even when in them, he distances himself with the confidence that whomever he is with is not worth his time. Holden’s discovery of â€Å"fuck you† being written or carved publically further augments his hatred for society’s corruption and because of them, he condemns society as a whole, not willing to make an exception for anyone. He ponders his death and thinks â€Å"If I ever die, and they stick me in a cemetery, and I have a tombstone and all, it’ll say ‘Holden Caulfield’ on it,†¦ and then right under that it’ll say ‘Fuck you.’ I’m positive, in fact† (204). Holden is positive that all of society is corrupted and he judges those he encounters, as well as those he does not, never completely grasping that he is practically suspending whatever social existence he may have had. In The Catcher in the Rye Salinger’s protagonist’s objective is to be uninvolved in societal functions due to its corruption. Similar to The Catcher in the Rye, a central focus of The Grapes of Wrath is separation from society and modern culture. Steinbeck’s protagonist, Tom Joad, upon his arrival in California, is alienated and shunned because he is labeled as an â€Å"Okie.† The reality of Tom’s alienation is revealed through the conversation he has with a migrant returning from California who found no work. The migrant man informs Tom that the term â€Å"Okie use’ ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you’re a a dirty son-of-a-bitch. Okie means you’re scum. Don’t mean nothing itself, it’s the way they say it† (206). Tom, representing his whole family, is discriminated against merely because he is from Oklahoma. After Tom and his family stop shortly on their journey the men who handle them discuss how subordinate the Okies are. The men wonder how Tom can make it through with such a junky car and they say â€Å"Them goddam Okies got no sense and no feeling. they ain’t human. A human being wouldn’t live like they do. A human being couldn’t stand it to be so dirty and miserable. They ain’t a hell of a lot better than gorillas† (221). Tom is treated like he is subordinate largely due to his socioeconomic condition, which is significantly worse than the people of California. Such harsh condemnation due to a place of origination reveals how society’s corruption has lead to the inadvertent alienation Tom receives throughout the novel. Though Holden Caulfield’s isolation from others is deliberate, and Tom Joad is involuntarily segregated, isolation as a re sult of society’s corruption plays a significant role in both novels. Salinger and Steinbeck also use different motifs to illustrate society’s corruption and its effect on people. In The Catcher in the Rye Salinger uses the motif of the preservation of innocence to clarify the gravity of society’s corruption. Holden loses his innocence as a child when his brother Allie dies. Although he cannot come to terms with his brother’s death, Holden is confident that he can find solace by saving the other innocent children from the corrupt society they live in. Holden tells his younger sister Phoebe, his main inspiration for preserving innocence, that â€Å"[he has] to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff†¦. [He will] just be the catcher in the rye and all. [He knows] it’s crazy but that’s the only thing [he’d] really like to be† (173). Holden’s only ambition in life is to rescue children from falling into society’s corruption. He is so infatuated with this notion that he even refuses to sleep with a prostitute that he has paid for. As the prostitute is waiting to do what she is getting paid for, Holden realizes how young she is and asks â€Å"Don’t you feel like talking for a while?† and then acknowledges that â€Å"It was a childish thing to say, but [he] was feeling so damn pecul iar† (95). So troubled by her lost innocence, Holden cannot bring himself to go through with it. Holden desires to drive out all evil throughout the novel, yet he realizes that he cannot. When Holden sees the words â€Å"fuck you† written in Phoebe’s school, Holden realizes that â€Å"If you had a million years to do it in, you couldn’t rub out even half the ‘fuck you’ signs in the world. It’s impossible† (202). The fact that he cannot save the world from society’s corruption is difficult for Holden to accept but instills in him even more passion to do all he can to preserve as much innocence as possible. Thus, Salinger suggests that society and its corruption is far beyond salvable despite great efforts. Society’s corrupting influence of others can also be seen through Steinbeck’s motif of society’s lies and deception. Steinbeck reveals the corruption in the car dealers as the Joad family is about to embark on their travels. The Joads need to get a car and such a process is full of lies from the car dealers who exploit the migrants’ necessities to make more profit. The dealers manipulate the migrants by the day’s bargain: â€Å"Makes folks come in though. If we sold that bargain at that price we’d hardly make a dime. Tell ‘em it’s jus’ sold† (62). The cars dealers are selling pieces of junk for ridiculous payments from the migrants who believe that they had missed the day’s bargain. Society’s corruption is also embodied by the land owners in California who are sending out the handbills asking for men to work. A ragged old man informs the Joads that â€Å"This fella wants eight hundred men. So he prints up five thousand of them things an’ maybe twenty thousan’ people sees ‘em. An’ maybe two-three thousan’ folks get movin’ account a this here han’bill† (189). The land owners are aware of the fact that migrants are so desperate for money and food and exploit their necessity by promoting their own need for people to work. When the multitudes of migrants come and are willing to work all day for only a couple biscuits, the land owners know they can use this for their own benefit by taking advantage of hard labor and little pay. Society’s corruption is depicted through the authors’ development of motifs that reveal how pervasive it truly is. Salinger and Steinbeck’s commentary on the corruption of society and its effect differs greatly in the novels’ resolution of the protagonists and the development of their motifs. Although both authors use characterization to portray their social commentary, they go about it in two different manners. While the Grapes of Wrath, with respect to social alienation, focuses more on approval among those who are convincingly greater or â€Å"high-class†, The Catcher in the Rye’s main character’s intents are to be left out of society’s affairs and people themselves. Salinger’s protagonist is a stagnant character who makes very little progress in working through society’s corruption and trying to figure out how to handle it. Holden continues to fail to preserve the innocence as well as acknowledging his inability to get over the misconception that he himself has not been tainted by the corruption. On the other hand, Steinbeck develops Tom Joad, who goes about great transformation throughout the novel. Tom continues to fight for what he knows to be a better form of society and even when he loses almost everything, continues to press on. The resolution of the two novels and their protagonists’ roles in them reveal the different views of social corruption they both have. Holden’s lack of progress reveals Salinger’s belief that the corruption permeating society is incurable. Contrasting that, Steinbeck’s dynamic protagonist who makes society a little bit better reveals his confidence that there will be a day in which society’s corruption will be minimized. The motifs developed by the two authors also expose the difference in social commentaries. Salinger’s motif of preserving innocence shows his desire to salvage what he can from society; however, Holden’s realization that such a task is impossible symbolizes his conviction that society will always be corrupt. In contrast, the lies and deceit that pervade Steinbeck’s novel reveal society’s corruption in every aspect and phase of life but he resolves his book with the Joads being successful. Although the two authors make the same social commentary about society’s corruption, Steinbeck and Salinger present their ideas in fundamentally different ways with differing resolutions of their protagonists and differing motifs. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking, 1939. Print. Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print. View as multi-pages

Impact of Wars on Military Society: The Soldiers and their Families Essay

Wars have been part of human history. What shaped the society that is perceived in this time is a result of conflicts and rivalries that occurred in the past. In almost all places on earth, the scars of war and of battle continue to be seen and commemorated. People are divided in this concept of war. For some, it is a way of life and a means of achieving peace and promoting security in the homeland. For some, it is a conflict of opposing forces where nobody wins, but rather, results into crises and extreme loss of life. Publicists have various definitions on war. According to a book entitled, â€Å"On War† written by General Carl Von Clausewitz, war is simply defined as nothing but a duel between two opposing forces but in an extreme scale. It is a struggle between two sides, whose aim is to apply physical force and compel the opponent to surrender and submit, as well as render him unable to engage in further resistance. It is an act of violence towards another in order to fulfill one’s will (2008). Basically, in war, there is violence. Thus, there is always the possibility of death to even an immense scale. In times of war, a lot of elements are affected such the economy, security, the family, and most importantly, the soldiers themselves. During World War II, there were seemingly immeasurable number of deaths both from the allied forces and the axis powers. The event shook the world and created chaos in various countries around the world. Economies crumbled and government policies were disorganized. In the military society, a large number of soldiers were lost that left their families with trauma to even psychological disorders. This paper discusses these impacts of war on the military society, particularly on the soldiers themselves, as well as their families. Because of the advancement in technology and the increasing lethalness of military weapons, a posing threat emerges for individuals who are deployed in warfare. The environment has become more aggressive. The Effect of War on Soldiers In every war, the most proximate effects are felt by the soldiers. The disorder now called as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder had its roots in World War II. Back then the condition was referred to as battle fatigue. Although cases of the condition were already reported ever since the Civil War, the occurrences were very minimal because of the conflict was waged within the soldiers’ own country. Other than that, the weapons used during that time were not as sophisticated as the weapons in the 21st century. During the First World War, this condition was also evident when the Germans introduced â€Å"gas† warfare. However, it was only during the Second World War that information regarding this condition was widely known (Chermol, 9). During World War II, the most common condition was the mild and non disabling battle fatigue. During initial combat operations, dramatic but transient battle fatigue was eminent. More intense cases were referred to as â€Å"Old Sergeant’s Syndrome† which includes physical and psychological burnout that lasted months after combat (10). For the marines and the aviators, the symptoms of battle fatigue they experienced consisted of increased emotionality, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exaggerated startled response to sudden movements or noises along with some physical complaints (10). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder became the most common disorder in the military since after its recognition. In a report by the Washington Post dated May 27, 2008, the number of cases for PTSD jumped dramatically to 50 percent in 2007 on US troops. This is because of the military buildup that existed in Iraq and the high level of violence in Afghanistan. According to the report, around 40, 000 troops were already diagnosed with the condition since the year 2003. In a statement, the officials said that there may be more because some military personnel simply refuse to reveal their condition. According to experts, many troops suffer from the symptoms of PTSD, particularly on stress. These include nightmares and flashbacks. They stated that these symptoms can be cured if the treatment is early (Jelinek). PTSD, along with other mental conditions was prevalent in military personnel. In the United States, PTSD was common among military personnel because of longer exposures to combat. In the recent years, as supported by the news article of Washington Post, the number of cases increased because of the increased military activity the country is involved in. The government has been involved in almost all wars since after WWII. Such wars include the Korean War, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, War on Afghanistan, and in Iraq. Soldiers had more combat exposures and some were even sent to two consecutive campaigns. The result is more soldiers deployed in hostile areas and longer combat exposure, increasing the risk of psychological and mental disorders. In an article written by Christine Liddell and Jennifer Kemp in the book â€Å"The Psychological effects of war and violence on children†, they pointed out that the effects of war does not necessarily mean that the soldiers have to be adults. The majority of armed conflicts since the 1970s have happened in the African continent. In most of these conflicts, the effects on children have not yet been documented. The situation in these areas is serious because of the fact that the armed conflict in Africa, children and the youth has found themselves in the front line and participates in the struggle (Leavitt). The only thing that may protect soldiers from experiencing stress leading to psychological disorders while in the front line is hardiness. Paul T. Bartone of the U.  S Military Academy at West Point, New York conducted a study on hardiness being a protection against war-related stress in the army reserve forces. After the Cold War, the number of military personnel has slowly decreased, putting great importance on reserve and National Guard units in the United States. The study explored the personality hardiness as a potential protection among army reserve personnel mobilized for the Persian war. Results of regression analysis showed that hardiness interacted with both combat-related stress and stressful life events. The results suggested that hardiness protects against the negative effects of stress. The study produced a number of implications for military personnel that encounter various types of stress such as battle fatigue and separation from their families (Bartone). On Military Families For every soldier that is deployed in the battle field, there is a family that is separated and also suffers from the effects of war. War results into families without fathers or mothers, husbands or wives. The family that is left behind also suffers certain conditions caused by situations such as separation or death of the soldier in battle. To some families, it leads to cases of divorce and marital conflicts. This section discusses the conditions that families of military personnel are experiencing because of war. Evidence suggesting these problems are provided by the study conducted by Joshua Angrist and John Johnson regarding the effects of work-related absences on families during the Gulf War. They used data from the 1992 Survey of Officers and enlisted personnel. They estimated the divorce rates, spousal employment, and children disability rates caused by the Gulf War. The results of the showed that there were no significant increase in the disability rates in the children of the deployed soldiers. For male soldiers, the deployment of female soldiers resulted to a significant increase in divorce rates and marital dissolutions. This suggests that the deployment of female soldiers causes a strain on marriages (Angrist). In the study, the results also suggested that the husband’s work supply is not affected by the deployment of the wives in war. The extended hours given to soldiers put stress on family relationships and create conflicts between husbands and wives regarding child and house care. These conditions increase the possibility for marital dissolutions that could affect the emotional and psychological well-being of the children. These effects are further supported by the study of Ernest Burgees on the effects of war on the American family. The impact of war upon the family can clearly be observed. These effects are significant in the ongoing process of family life. The observable effects of war include the withdrawal o f men from civilian and entering the military, resulting in to an increase in socially disapproved forms of behaviors. This entrance to the military by the male civilians forces the females to seek employment and enter the industry in order to replace the men that were enlisted in the armed forces. Thus, children begin to be neglected, increasing the number of cases of juvenile delinquency, changes in marriage, divorce, and high birth rates. More serious effects of war on the American family include the increasing trend towards the companionship type of family. It also raised the status of women as a more powerful force that gives support to the family since they engage in industrial jobs that make up for the absence of their husbands. Thus, parents begin to lose their function in the family, especially in their responsibilities towards their children. This resulted to the increase in the number of nursery schools for rearing and tending the needs of children in the preschool age and the extension of government interventions for family security. The family, therefore, experiences a significant shift from being an institution to becoming a companionship type of relationship (Burgees). The number of cases on juvenile delinquency is also one of the impacts of war on military families. In countries such as Canada and England, there has been a 40 to 50 percent increase in the number of youth related violence compared with the pre war years. In the United States, this situation is also manifested in Chicago and in Los Angeles where number of youth crimes have been increasing. This suggests that the effects are caused by the absence of a father, older brother, older sister, or mother figure in the family set up because of their deployment in the military or because of the need to work (344). The family shifts from the institutional to the companionship type because of the increasing number of fathers that are deployed in the military. The companionship type family is more modern since it is a contrast of the institutional, patriarchal type. Family members are no longer subordinates but are now free to engage in self-expression, since this type stresses the interpersonal basis of modern matrimony (347). Even wives of military personnel are exposed to psychological and mental disorders as much as their husbands who are at the front lines. In a study, the effects of combat trauma were investigated. The implications of combat-induced psychopathology were examined. The conditions investigated were wartime combat stress reaction (CSR) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results showed that in a sample of 205 wives of Israeli combat veterans of the 1982 Lebanon war, both CSR and PTSD were associated with increased psychiatric symptoms manifested. PTSD was found to contribute to the wives’ social impairment in a number of contests such as feelings of loneliness, impaired marital and family relations, which extends to a wider range of their social networks (Solomon, et al. ). Hardships in the Modern Military Society In a report prepared by Kari Huus of MSNBC, the condition of American soldiers were revealed through testimonies given by families and other persons about the extended time of deployment given to enlisted personnel. According to the report, the U.  S military has stretched thin its military personnel after more than four years in Iraq and six years in Afghanistan. During this time, military personnel were repeatedly deployed in the warzone with decreasing dwell times between their postings have reached its toll on the families and loved ones of the personnel. Families are beginning to feel exhausted and stressed because of the separation that has been happening more frequently. Anxiety is also one of the problems experienced by families who are always waiting for phone calls from their loved one. According to one testimony by a wife of a soldier, she experiences fears of the worst kind as she imagines what if the calls would stop. The possibility that this would happen is when someone in the company has been killed and all phone lines are to be cut off until the closest kin to the dead personnel has been notified. The prolonged conflicts involved with the United States has forced it army to repeatedly deploy soldiers in the warzone. According to military experts, this sort of scenario was never intended to reach this level. As a result, soldiers begin to experience hallucinations and different psychological disorders which lead some military personnel to take their own life. The children of military fathers also suffer since they seem to sense a number of changes in their fathers after they have gone home after their deployment (Huus). Conclusions As stated in the previous pages, war is basically a duel between two opposing forces in order to resolve a conflict. The only difference is that war is being done in a massive scale. The consequences of this conflict are manifested in the lives of the members of the military society, particularly on the soldiers and their families. The impact of war on the soldiers consists of psychological and mental difficulties such as battle, fatigue, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These conditions tend to endure in their lives even after the war, which can cause disturbances in other aspects of their lives, most especially on their families. As much what the soldiers are suffering, families left behind by soldiers also suffer emotional and psychological difficulties. Marital relationships have the potential to encounter problems and children also suffer from the absence of their father, mother, or older sibling, brought about by war. The studies and other literature in this paper suggest that the introduction of new interventions regarding troop deployment should be sought, as well as securing the emotional and psychological well-being of soldiers and families, while many still question the significance of war on the development of the society.

An Analysis of the Evolution of the E-Business in America Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Evolution of the E-Business in America Essay Economic transactions have taken a toll of revolutions and evolutions from the most historic barter deals to currency minting to bank-to-bank transactions, and finally, electronic business. Undeniably, the phenomenal effect of information technology to the lives of common man has caught the complexities of all branches of science and economics in a single matrix. Similarly, it has extinguished spatial boundaries in the business arena. Upon the advent of the accessibility of the internet or the World Wide Web to the public in 2004, it has been deemed that e-commerce will shortly follow through. So thus soothsayers and journalists manifest into the world this forecast. Company websites and internet servers sprouted like wild mushrooms here and there, flooding the virtual world with what’s it’s’ people cannot usually find for themselves. A unique gadget which can be found nowhere at a shopping mall is now easy to find at Ebay or Amazon. om, or shopping for clothes can also be done via ordering online, and sending emails or conversing with another entity half an earth away through instant messengers now became a common activity to the technologically savvy. A worldwide acknowledgment of this phenomenon has now slowly shifted every human paradigm there is. This evolutionary way of business ‘anytime-anywhere scheme’ or transacting across the planet in only a matter of seconds has put leverage to the face of business vis-a-vis human technology. E-business or e-commerce, also known as EC, has now penetrated all elements of life, particularly the world of commerce and economics. Today, e-business is now the most preferred way of dealing with and between firms. In the fields of traveling, media, logistics, telecommunication, and manufacturing, as identified by Horsti, Tolonen and Brannback (2003) in their study of five electronic business models, it showed that operating a business backed by ecommerce and proper management of personnel skills and customer relationships is a critical success factor (CSF) and always has a direct correlation to business success. This gives light to the logic as to why bankers and corporations alike have resorted to sending orders and invoices via internet instead of sending messengers or bulky packages to each other and wait for days before the same arrives at each other’s doorstep. On an individual basis, transacting with another online instead of going to a bank and undergoing the tedious process of lining-up and filling out slips and various withdrawal or deposit forms has been the hip. Online credit card transactions has also been the trend nowadays especially to the technologically savvy. As Moslein (2001) would argue, the rise of ecommerce has extinguished traditional boundaries and spatial constraints of conducting business. So what really is it behind e-business and what makes everyone indubitably caught up with this intertwining net of transactions? In this paper, the aforementioned is put to a limelight along with a detailed analysis of the e-business phenomenon. A projection as to how e-business in America will perform in the short-run is also forecasted. Pros and cons of doing e-business as well as important dissections of it are also included herein. The first part of this paper shall serve as a guideline as to how discussion will flow and what models and methods were used in shedding light to the subject matter at hand. It also serves as briefer to the latter portions which delve deeper to the subject matter. The latter portions shall plainly consist of the author’s own views with regard to the topic, however, with sources to buttress proof of claims. The summary and conclusions are second to the last parts before providing a list of references used in this research. Statement of the Issues/Problems The dawning of the internet and the birth of ecommerce in which e-business arose forthwith has also given birth to online corporations and rebirth to traditional enterprises. However, the new age technology has also given birth to various risks and opportunities for misers to tamper with the gifts of technology to the disadvantage of those who are faithful in their dealings. In this regard, the primary thrust of this paper is to analyze the gradual paradigm shift of business in America to the modern e-business taking into consideration the management decisions of enterprises vis-a-vis the costs and risks in engaging into e-business. Further, this paper rests with the issue on how ecommerce evolved to what it is today. Given these matters, the ultimate question this paper aims to answer is: Why do businesses continue to prefer to do e-business despite online security threats and risks? Hypothesis E-business is a response of various industries to the market forces affecting it, and amidst costs and risks, the benefits of e-business to enterprises prove to shape corporate success, help industries maximize benefits and positively affect the entire business industry as a whole. Methodology This paper is a result of a collaboration, compilation, corroboration and interpretation from various sources of information gathered mostly through the internet. Various theories in economics and business management are also used to prove certain stands pertinent to the subject matter. The author has also included newspaper articles and opinions from renowned columnists all of which can also be accessed through the internet. The said sources were streamlined for this purpose of incorporating into this subject matter all indispensable elements of e-business. It is important to highlight that this paper is not to measure e-business per se because of the very volatility and fast speed of growth and advancement of the e-business itself. As stated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), measuring e-business and quantifying the elements of convenience and easy access to information is impossible given the current fast-changing nature of the market (OECD, 1998). Hence, this paper has enumerated the costs and benefits instead and weighed both in the light of the evolution of e-business to the stage. Degree of Reliance of Statistical Data/Literature Search The author has chosen only those sources which are strongly correlated and are very pertinent to e-business. For statistical data, there is an interim degree of reliance from high to medium degree, since statistics were conducted by professional research institutions and quoted from high grade literature. With regard to articles and sources, most of the studies consulted where products of doctorate and master’s degree holders who are expert in this field notwithstanding those who gave garnered distinctions (i. e. Nobel Prize, Pulitzer, etc. in the field of economics. Therefore, there is a high level of reliance on their studies. A Description of the Research Design This paper is purely research based and one which does not involve interpretation of raw statistical data. Due to the broad and constantly changing nature of e-business, a survey of the entire America is implausible. Thus, it is best to resort to data that have been gathered by reliable research institutions concentrating on the same subject matter. The literatures used herein are mostly second-hand ones and are retroactive in its nature such that theories used are identified as paradigms. Despite being cited and further cited in various citations, the theory is not eroded. Thus, citations of the same coming from other citations, or a chain of citations in one citation, are valid. It is also important to note that despite the varying nature of the sources used in this paper, the discussion shall not be deprived of important knowledge as regards the subject matter. Models Followed The paper follows three specific models in economics: the law on supply and demand, the model on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the game theory. This is because these three easy-to-understand theories are also the primary considerations of CEOs in choosing management decisions and doing other management strategies. In accordance with the objectives of this paper, various researches shall also be inculcated herein to give various theories and conceptions an equal footing as regards the topic. As a clarification, there are no current researchers who have analyzed the nature of e-business extensively and collaboratively using the aforementioned theories. Therefore, literature reviews are primarily based on historical findings on the evolution of e-business, analyses of various researchers on the nature of economics vis-a-vis ecommerce and not on concurrent ecommerce theories. This is also because majority of ecommerce theories are offspring of the theories on economics. Moreover, ecommerce theories may be relevant to the subject matter but are not directly connected to the topic such that answers to the research questions as aforementioned were more founded by basic economic theories rather than the specialized ecommerce theories on web-hosting and online selling. 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