5 Most Popular Books of the Month September, 2016

5 Most Popular Books of the Month September, 2016 We love to geek out with stats, and what could be better than using them to see which books Book Riot readers were most interested in? Below are the five most-purchased titles from the previous month. 1. Commonwealth by Ann Patchett In news that made most of us here go “Whaaatttt that’s amazing,” we’ve learned that Ann Patchett, amazing author of Bel Canto, State of Wonder, Commonwealth, etc., and kick-ass indie bookstore owner of Parnassus in Tennessee, has discovered the Read Harder Challenge! Amanda Nelson, Ann Patchett Digs the Read Harder Challenge and We Are Tickled Pink 2.  Edward Gets Messy by (Book Riot Contributing Editor andBook Nerd podcast host!) Rita Meade Edward the pig never pets friendly dogs on the street. He never, ever eats food that spills or splatters. And he never, ever, EVER uses markers or glue sticks or paint. They are just too messy.  But what happens whenâ€"GLOOP!â€"a big tub of paint falls on Edward’s perfectly neat little head? Well, it might just turn out that getting messy has its upsides, too.  After all, even particular pigs can clean up afterward. Karina Glaser, 10 Great Picture Books for Messy Kids 3.  I’m Judging You by Luvvie Ajayi   Something about September (Back to school stuff? Newly crisped morning air? Leaves dying?) signals new beginnings to me, and that makes me want to read a bunch of organizational/self improvement/get your shit together books. But honestly, how many books from thin, fit ladies about following your bliss and buying a planner can I read in a sitting? Instead, this fall I’m picking up this funny, sharp essay collection about not being an asshole in life or on social media from a woman of color. Let’s do better, people! Amanda Nelson, Inbox/Outbox 4.  Monstress, Vol. 1 by Marjorie Liu and Sana Takeda If monsters are what you’re after, volume 1 of Monstress offers a dark fantasy world populated with humans, gods, talking cats, and hybrid Arcanas that will appeal to fans of Daughter of Smoke and Bone by Laini Taylor. Maiko is an Arcana, and something monstrous exists inside her. In order to understand it and recover her past, she trespasses into witches’ territory to find answersâ€"and ends up having confront the monster within in order to save herself and her new friends. Tirzah Price, 8 Moody (Non-Horror) Reads For Your October Reading List 5.  Where Am I Now?, Mara Wilson Wilson’s subtitle is “True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame.” The book contains essays about her experiences as a child star and on through her adolescence and into her adulthood. Wilson’s writing is humorous and fun, as well as full of insight into what it means to be young and female. Rebecca Hussey, 25 Great Essay Collections from 2016

Katherine Swynford Mistress Then Wife of John of Gaunt

Known for: Katherine Swynford was the governess of the children of John of Gaunt, then his mistress, and finally his wife.   John of Gaunt was a son of King Edward III of England.   Katherine Swynford was, through the children she had with John of Gaunt before their marriage, an ancestor of the Beaufort family, key players in such British historical events as the Wars of the Roses and the rise of the Tudors. She was an ancestor of Henry VII, the first Tudor King. Dates: about 1350 - May 10, 1403.   Her birthday may have been November 25,  which is the feast day of St. Catherine of Alexandria. Also known as:  Katherine Roet, Katherine de Roet, Katherine (de) Roà «t, Katherine (de) Roelt, Katherine Synford Early Life Katherine Swynford was born about 1350. Her father, Sir Payn Roelt, was a knight in Hainaut who went to England as part of the retinue of Philippa of Hainaut when she married Edward III of England. In 1365, Katherine was serving Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, the wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of Edward III. Katherine married a tenant of John of Gaunt, Sir Hugh Swynford. Hugh accompanied John of Gaunt to Europe in 1366 and 1370. Hugh and Katherine had at least two (some say three) children, Sir Thomas Swynford, Blanche, and probably Margaret. Relationship to John of Gaunt In 1368, Johns first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, died, and Katherine Swynford became the governess for Blanche and Johns children. The next year, John married Constance of Castile in September. In November of 1371, Sir Hugh died. In the spring of 1372, there were signs of Katherines increased status in the dukes household, probably signaling the start of their affair. Katherine gave birth to four children from 1373 to 1379, acknowledged as children of John of Gaunt. She also continued as governess for the Dukes daughters Philippa and Elizabeth. In 1376, Johns oldest brother, heir apparent Edward known as the Black Prince, died. In 1377, Johns father Edward III died. Johns nephew, Richard II succeeded as king at 10 years old. Also in 1377, the Duke granted Katherine title to two manors. The reaction was negative: John had been serving as de facto regent for his father and older brother; he was an active advisor to his nephew though he had been explicitly excluded from any such formal office. John was laying the groundwork to claim title to the crown of Spain through this marriage (he finally landed an army in Spain in 1386). Also in 1381 was the Peasants Revolt. So, probably to protect his popularity, in June of 1381 John formally renounced his relationship with Katherine and made peace with his wife. Katherine left in September, moving first to her late husbands home in Kettlethorpe and then to a town house in Lincoln that she rented. Through the 1380s, there is a record of regular but discreet contact between Katherine and John. She was even frequently at his court. Marriage and Legitimization Constance died in March of 1394. Suddenly, and apparently without notice to his royal relatives, John of Gaunt married Katherine Swynford in January of 1396. This marriage then allowed for their children to be legitimized, achieved through a September 1396 papal bull and a February 1397 royal patent. The patent bestowed the patronym Beaufort on the four offspring of John and Katherine. The patent also specified that the Beauforts and their heirs were excluded from the royal succession. Later Life John died in February of 1399, and Katherine returned to Lincoln. His nephew Richard II took over Johns estates, which eventually led Johns son, Henry Bolingroke, in October of 1399 to take the crown from Richard and rule as Henry IV. This Lancaster claim to the throne was later threatened when Richard, Duke of York, displaced Henry VI, grandson of Henry IV, the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Katherine Swynford died in Lincoln in 1403 and was buried in the cathedral there. Daughter Joan Beaufort and Her Descendants In 1396, Joan Beaufort married Ralph Neville, then Baron Neville of Raby, later Earl of Westmorland, an advantageous marriage. This was her second marriage. Around 1413, Joan met the mystic Margery Kempe, and, in a later controversy, Margery was accused of meddling in the marriage of Joans daughter. Joans husband Ralph helped depose Richard II in 1399. Joans grandson Edward deposed Henry VI and ruled as Edward IV, first Yorkish king in the Wars of the Roses. Another of her grandsons, Richard III, followed Edward IV as king when Richard III put Edwards son, Edward V, and his younger brother Richard in the Tower, after which they disappeared. Catherine Parr, sixth wife of Henry VIII, was also a descendant of Joan Beaufort. Son John Beaufort and His Descendants John Beauforts son, also named John, was the father of Margaret Beaufort, whose first husband was Edmund Tudor. The son of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor  took the crown of England by right of conquest, as Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and thus  a descendant of Joan Beaufort. The elder John Beauforts daughter Joan married King James I of Scotland, and through this marriage, John was an ancestor of the House of Stuart and of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her descendants who were British royal rulers. Katherine Swynford, John of Gaunt and Henry VIII Henry VIII was descended from John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford: on his mothers side (Elizabeth of York) through Joan Beaufort and on his fathers side (Henry VII) through John Beaufort. Henry VIIIs first wife Catherine of Aragon was a great-great-granddaughter to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt by his first wife Blanche. Catherine was also a great-granddaughter of Catherine of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt by his second wife Constance of Castile. Henry VIIIs sixth wife Catherine Parr was descended from Joan Beaufort. Family Background: Father: Payn Roet or Roelt (also known as Paganus Ruet), a knight in the service of Philippa of Hainaut, queen consort of  Edward III of EnglandMother: unknownSiblings included:Philippa Roelt who married English writer Geoffrey ChaucerIsabel de Roet, who headed the convent of St. Waudru in MonsWalter de Roet, who was left in Queen Philippas care when Payn Roelt died Marriage, Children: Hugh Ottes Swynford, knightSir Thomas SwynfordMargaret Swynford (according to some sources); Margaret became a nun in the same house as her cousin Elizabeth, daughter of Philippa de Roet and Geoffrey ChaucerBlanche SwynfordJohn of Gaunt, son of Edward IIIJohn Beaufort, Earl of Somerset (about 1373 - March 16, 1410), paternal grandfather of the mother of Henry VII (Tudor),  Margaret BeaufortHenry Beaufort, Cardinal-Bishop of Winchester (about 1374 - April 11, 1447)Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (about 1377 - December 31, 1426)Joan Beaufort (about 1379 - November 13, 1440), married (1) Robert Ferrers, Baron Boteler of Wem, and (2) Ralph de Neville, Earl of Westmorland. Cecily Neville, a figure in the Wars of the Roses, was a daughter of Ralph de Neville and Joan Beaufort.

Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown - 1543 Words

In Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne s ability to write stories using complex language and early Puritan society narratives has always been a topic of study among scholars and young adults. Young Goodman Brown explores the idea of good vs. evil and†¦show more content†¦Hawthorne came from a line of staunch Puritans. This included William Hathorne, who was involved in the persecution of many Quakers during the seventeenth century. Additionally, William Hathorne s son, John Hathorne (Nathaniel s father), was a judge during the Salem witch trials. Because of this, Hawthorne added the ‘w to his name in hopes of separating himself from the acts of his ancestors (Bomarito). This gesture is monumental when looking at Hawthorne s moral stance of good vs. evil. In removing himself from his family history, Hawthorne is solidifying his views on the persecution of humans, his views on witchcraft and his opinion about what really makes a man ‘godly . Because both his father and grandfather worked in accordance with Puritan doctrine and faith, it is obvious that Hawthorne does not necessarily believe that the men who are the most pious are the most good. This veers away from the popular idea that religion, and God, are inherently good. In Young Goodman Brown this concept becomes especially prominent. The main character, and who the short story is named after, is leaving his wife, Faith, to attend a function which is taking place in the deepest parts of the forest. Goodman Brown is a spiritual man and, much like Hawthorne, is descended from a line of devout Christians. When heShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is implying that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown905 Words   |  4 PagesThough Nathaniel Hawthorne is an author of many great works, his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† still stays relevant because it has themes and subjects that are relatable in today s world. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, to go into the woods near Salem to have a meeting with the devil. Appearance vs. reality is shown in â€Å"Y oung Goodman Brown† through the plot, the character of Goody Cloyse, and the symbol of the maple staff. The characterRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although ever yone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story that is filled with symbols and mystery. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides plenty forms of symbolism for readers to digest. Hawthorne displays strong faith as the greatest virtue for a man or woman, and when the faith is compromised, one can be filled with skepticism and uncertainty towards the rest of the world. The story begins as a conventional allegory, creating the expectation that the characters will be able to consistently display the abstractions they symbolizeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses FaithRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown2532 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† demonstrates how Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to do an errand within the woods with a man that is believed to be the devil. During the time period in which this took place, the 1620’s, many of the people from the village were practicing Puritanism. Puritanism is an intense practice of religion retrieved from Protestants, only removing its Catholic influence. When Goodman Brown entered the woods to meet the devil, he soon turned intoRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pagesread. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are very applicable to the protagonist idea in this story. Brown also expresses feeling when he doesn t want to leave his wife Faith, but he feels that it s his role toRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1975 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, is the author of the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† that was written in 1835 (Baym 370). Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne’s ancestors were of the Puritan descent, and among the first settlers of Massachusetts (Baym 370). During his teen years, Hawthorne was reading stories by British novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias S mollet, and Sir Walter Scott. When he was sixteen he wrote his sister of wanting to become an author and relying of support

Concussions Traumatic Brain Injury and Moderate Concussion Free Essays

Concussions A concussion is a clinical syndrome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) also referred to as mild brain injury (MBI), is characterized by immediate but transient posttraumatic impairment of the brain function. Mental confusion, alteration of mental status, and amnesia are hallmarks of concussion symptoms that may or may not also include the loss of consciousness. It temporarily interferes with the way your brain works, and it can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination, and sleep patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on Concussions: Traumatic Brain Injury and Moderate Concussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now A concussion may result when the head hits an object or a moving object strikes the head. A concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, and car accidents. Significant movement of the brain can cause you to lose alertness. How long you remain unconscious may be a sign of the severity of the concussion. However, you don’t always involve a loss of consciousness. Most people who have a concussion never black out. You can have a concussion and not realize it. There are three grades to scale a concussions severity. Grade 1 is considered a mild concussion that has no loss of consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia lasting less than thirty minutes. Post concussion signs and symptoms other than amnesia lasting less than twenty-four hours. Grade 2 is a moderate concussion, loss of consciousness lasting less than one minute. Posttraumatic amnesia lasting longer than thirty minutes but less than twenty-four hours: postconcussion signs and symptoms lasting longer than twenty-four hours but less than seven days. Grade 3 is a severe concussion, which consist of loss of consciousness lasting more than one minute or posttraumatic amnesia lasting longer than twenty-four hours. The postconcussion signs and symptoms will last longer than seven days. There are several things a doctor can do to test an athlete or a patient for a concussion. The doctor will perform a physical exam and check your nervous system. There may be changes in your pupil size, thinking ability, coordination, and reflexes. Tests that may be performed include: EEG  which is a brain wave test it may be needed if seizures continue, head CT  scan, and MRI of the head. Many signs that a doctor can look for are altered levels of consciousness such as drowsy, hard to arouse, or similar changes, confusion or feeling spacey, headache, loss of consciousness, memory loss such as events before the injury or immediately after, nausea or vomiting, seeing flashing lights, and feeling like you have â€Å"lost time†. If the concussion occurred during a sporting event and resulted in a headache, confusion, or change in alertness, a trained person must determine when that person can return to playing sports. Healing or recovering from a concussion takes time. It may take days, weeks, or even months. You may be irritable, have trouble concentrating, unable to remember things, headaches, dizziness, and blurry vision. These problems will probably go away slowly. You may want to get help from family or friends before making important decisions. There is a testing that is call ImPACT testing that you test each athlete before physical activity. ImPact stands for Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing. Then in the case of a concussion they can take the athletes after and retest them on their memory skills. ImPACT provides computerized neurocognitive assessment tools and services that are used by medical doctors, psychologists, athletic trainers and other licensed healthcare professionals to assist them in determining an athlete’s ability to return to play after suffering a concussion. How to cite Concussions: Traumatic Brain Injury and Moderate Concussion, Papers

Northern Spotted Owl Controversy Essays - Strix, Owls,

Northern Spotted Owl Controversy The Northern Spotted Owl Controversy ? Jobs Vs Environmental Protection Introduction The mere mention of the creature's name brings shudders to loggers and some local inhabitants, fear over its existence has incited rallies, garnered the attention of three government agencies, and caused people to tie themselves to trees. On April 2, 1993, President Bill Clinton embarked on a quest to settle a long-standing battle. The environmentalists on one side, and their attempts to protect natural resources, and the timber industry's desire for the same on the other. Unemployment and economic devastation was said to surely follow, due to the loss of timber industry jobs. No trees were allowed to be cut within 70 acres of The Northern Spotted Owl's nest. Other laws protected trees in a 2,000-acre circle around the birds. Listed as ?threatened? under the Endangered Species Act, the Northern Spotted Owl has inadvertently landed in the in middle of the complicated debate over logging in the Pacific Northwest. Under the Act, logging of many old-growth forests has been suspended to protect the bird and its remaining habitat. Survival of the Northern Spotted Owl The Northern Spotted Owl can only live in old growth environment, it is considered an ?indicator species?: The health of the Northern Spotted Owl population indicates the health of the old-growth forest ecosystem. An individual Northern Spotted Owl needs more than 3,000 acres of old growth to survive, because of its scarce food supply. The Northern Spotted Owl is found in the cool, moist woodlands on the Pacific Northwest. The habitat of the Northern Spotted Owl can be described as trees relatively large in diameter in the stand, multi-layered canopy, large tall live trees with cavities, broken tops, mistletoe, or platforms of branches capable of holding accumulated organic matter suitable for use as a nest, dead standing trees and fallen decayed trees to support abundant populations of prey species, especially northern flying squirrels and woodrats. The Timber Industry In May 1991, Federal District Judge William Dwyer issued a landmark decision finding that the Forest Service had violated the National Forest Management Act by failing to implement an acceptable management plan for the northern spotted owl. His decision forbade timber sales across the spotted owl region until the Forest Service implemented an acceptable plan. An injunction blocking timber sales in Northern Spotted Owl habitat affected 17 national forests in Washington, Oregon and Northern California. The consequences for the rural economy in many areas of the Pacific Northwest were devastating. As many as 135 mills were closed, pushing unemployment up to 25 percent in some small communities. The mill closings affected cutters, loggers, and truck drivers, including other businesses that provided services to them were also out of work. Conclusion It makes sense that wildlife needs a healthy forest in order to survive. Wildlife, however, also plays an important role in maintaining a forest's health. Clearcutting is ecologically unsound because it destroys a complex ecosystem and endangers many of the species that rely on it. Managing forest habitats for owls also provides many other wildlife species with places to live. Because it is such a stable and unique community, it provides a habitat for many organisms that are only found there. Old growth forests are also valuable in the maintenance of watersheds. Without the ground cover and extensive root systems associated with old growth, water runs off steep hillsides much more rapidly and causes extensive erosion. Many streams in old growth forests are important for fish spawning, and the excess sediment loads can completely destroy spawning areas. Some species of salmon are now seriously endangered, primarily as a result of excessive logging activity. Another value that is a lit tle less tangible has to be experienced to be appreciated. Just walking into an old growth forest causes most people to catch their breath and they feel as if they have entered a cathedral. It's easy to feel that you are the only person on earth as you walk beneath the silent mammoths towering above. Knowing that the trees you are looking at could be 2,000 years old makes you feel insignificant. Economic setbacks due to saving complex echo systems and endangered species is a small price to pay. If we continue to focus on quantity

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity Link = physical path Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM – numerous signals are combined for ransmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel. * Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel * e. g. broadcast radio and cable television * Channel allocated even if no data Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each signal is modulat ed to a different carrier frequency * Carrier frequencies separated by guard bands (unused bandwidth) – to prevent interference so signals do not overlap. 3 FDM System FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain without the use of guard bands. Solution Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference? Solution For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at least 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as shown in next Figure. Example 3 Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration using FDM Solution The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16- QAM modulation. Figure 6. 8 shows one possible configuration. Analog Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM schemes * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To maximize the efficiency infrastructure, multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher-bandwidth signals FDM of Th ree Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Common used radio broadcasting AM and FM * AM (530 – 1700KHz) – shared with all radio stations * FM uses a wider band (88 – 108MHz) – each station needs more bandwidth, 200KHz 2. Television Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own bandwidth of 6 Mhz 3. 1st Generation of Cellular telephones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 – 3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , therefore each channel has 30KHz channels * each user has been allocated two 30KHz channel, therefore 60KHz. Example 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3 5 Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find : (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame? Solution We can answer the questions as follows: 1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps. 3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The duration of a frame 1 ms. Interleaving switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but opposite direction process of sending a unit data onto the path when the connection on the multiplexing and de 6 Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link. Solution The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6 Example 7 A multiplexer combines four 100 8 We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link. Solution Answer as follows: 1. The data rate of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second. 4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Example 9 Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link? Solution We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame = 300 Kbps. Pulse Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing various data sources * Each source has separate clock, variation among clock cause loss synchronization * Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number * Solution Pulse Stuffing as effective remedy * Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates * Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each ncoming signal until it matches local clock * Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer TDM of Analog and Digital Sources Digital Carrier Systems * Long distance carrier system * Designed to transmit voice signal over high capacity transmission lonks usuch as optical fiber, coax and microwave * ATT developed hierarchy of TDM structures of various capacities * USA/Canada/Japan use one system * ITU-T use a similar (but different) system * US system based on DS-1 format which Multiplexes 24 channels * Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one raming bit, 24 x 8 +1 =193 bits per frame Digital Carrier Systems (2) * For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (using PCM at 8000 samples per sec) * Data rate 8000193 = 1. 544Mbps * Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples * Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit * Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info * Same format for digital data * 23 channels of data * 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control * 24th channel is sync DS Hierarchy TDM Carrier Standard North American and International TDM Carrier Standards Statistical TDM * In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted * Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand * Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full * Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines * Improve efficiency is to allow multiple data resources to be packed in one single frame Statistical TDM Frame Formats Performance * Output data rate less than aggregate input data rates cause by average amount of input capacity of multiplexed line * Difficulty: May cause problems during peak periods when the input exceed capacity * Solution Buffer inputs to hold temporary excess input * Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay Cable Modem Outline * To support data transfer to and from a cable modem, two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer * One in each direction * Each channel shared by number of subscribers * Scheme needed to allocate capacity * Statistical TDM Cable Modem Operation Downstream * Cable sc heduler delivers data in small packets * If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity May get 500kbps to 1. 5Mbps * Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream * User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel Dedicated slots for this * Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots to subscriber Cable Modem Scheme Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Link between subscriber and network * Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable * Can carry broader spectrum * 1 MHz or more ADSL Design Asymmetric -Greater capacity downstream than upstream -Expected for video on demand and related services – high speed access -Users require higher capacity for downstream than upstream Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) element of ADSL strategy Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice – Plain old telephone service (POTS) – Voice carried only 0 – 4KHz band – Additional bandwidth for prevent crosstalk between voice and data channel Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands – smaller upstream band and larger downstream band Use FDM within upstream and downstream bands  œ Single bit stream multiple parallel bit streams – each portion carried separate frequency band Range up to 5. 5km -Depending of diameter cables and quality ADSL Channel Configuration Discrete Multitone * DMT * Use multiple carrier signals at different requencies * Sending some bits on each channel * Available transmission band =4kHz subchannels * Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio * ASL/DMT design employ 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps) * Possible to transmit at rate15. 36MHz * Impairments bring this down to 1. 5Mbps to 9Mbps DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation Each channel can carry data rate from 0-60 Kbps Shows increasing attenuation and decreasing signalto- noise ratio at higher frequencies DMT Transmitter xDSL * High data rate DSL * Single line DSL * Very high data rate DSL

The Blackstone Commentaries and Womens Right

The Blackstone Commentaries and Women's Right In the 19th century, American and British womens rights- or lack of them- depended heavily on the commentaries of William Blackstone which defined a married woman and man as one person under the law. Heres what William Blackstone wrote in 1765: By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband; under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called in our law-French a feme-covert, foemina viro co-operta; is said to be covert-baron, or under the protection and influence of her husband, her baron, or lord; and her condition during her marriage is called her coverture. Upon this principle, of a union of person in husband and wife, depend almost all the legal rights, duties, and disabilities, that either of them acquire by the marriage. I speak not at present of the rights of property, but of such as are merely personal. For this reason, a man cannot grant anything to his wife, or enter into covenant with her: for the grant would be to suppose her separate existence; and to covenant with her, would be only to covenant with hims elf: and therefore it is also generally true, that all compacts made between husband and wife, when single, are voided by the intermarriage. A woman indeed may be attorney for her husband; for that implies no separation from, but is rather a representation of, her lord. And a husband may also bequeath any thing to his wife by will; for that cannot take effect till the coverture is determined by his death. The husband is bound to provide his wife with necessaries by law, as much as himself; and, if she contracts debts for them, he is obliged to pay them; but for anything besides necessaries he is not chargeable. Also if a wife elopes, and lives with another man, the husband is not chargeable even for necessaries; at least if the person who furnishes them is sufficiently apprized of her elopement. If the wife be indebted before marriage, the husband is bound afterwards to pay the debt; for he has adopted her and her circumstances together. If the wife be injured in her person or her p roperty, she can bring no action for redress without her husbands concurrence, and in his name, as well as her own: neither can she be sued without making the husband a defendant. There is indeed one case where the wife shall sue and be sued as a feme sole, viz. where the husband has abjured the realm, or is banished, for then he is dead in law; and the husband being thus disabled to sue for or defend the wife, it would be most unreasonable if she had no remedy, or could make no defence at all. In criminal prosecutions, it is true, the wife may be indicted and punished separately; for the union is only a civil union. But in trials of any sort they are not allowed to be evidence for, or against, each other: partly because it is impossible their testimony should be indifferent, but principally because of the union of person; and therefore, if they were admitted to be witness for each other, they would contradict one maxim of law, nemo in propria causa testis esse debet; and if against each other, they would contradict another maxim, nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. But, where the offence is directly against the person of the wife, this rule has been usually dispensed with; and therefore, by statute 3 Hen. VII, c. 2, in case a woman be forcibly taken away, and married, she may be a witness against such her husband, in order to convict him of felony. For in this case she can with no propriety be reckoned his wife; because a main ingredient, her consent, was wanting to the contract: and also there is another maxim of law, that no man shall take advantage of his own wrong; which the ravisher here would do, if, by forcibly marrying a woman, he could prevent her from being a witness, who is perhaps the only witness to that very fact. In the civil law the husband and the wife are considered as two distinct persons, and may have separate estates, contracts, debts, and injuries; and therefore in our ecclesiastical courts, a woman may sue and be sued without her husband. But though our law in general considers man and wife as one person, yet there are some instances in which she is separately considered; as inferior to him, and acting by his compulsion. And therefore any deeds executed, and acts done, by her, during her coverture, are void; except it be a fine, or the like manner of record, in which case she must be solely and secretly examined, to learn if her act be voluntary. She cannot by will devise lands to her husband, unless under special circumstances; for at the time of making it she is supposed to be under his coercion. And in some felonies, and other inferior crimes, committed by her through constraint of her husband, the law excuses her: but this extends not to treason or murder. The husband also, by the old law, might give his wife moderate correction. For, as he is to answer for her misbehaviour, the law thought it reasonable to intrust him with this power of restraining her, by domestic chastisement, in the same moderation that a man is allowed to correct his apprentices or children; for whom the master or parent is also liable in some cases to answer. But this power of correction was confined within reasonable bounds, and the husband was prohibited from using any violence to his wife, aliter quam ad virum, ex causa regiminis et castigationis uxoris suae, licite et rationabiliter pertinet. The civil law gave the husband the same, or a larger, authority over his wife: allowing him, for some misdemeanors, flagellis et fustibus acriter verberare uxorem; for others, only modicam castigationem adhibere. But with us, in the politer reign of Charles the second, this power of correction began to be doubted; and a wife may now have security of the peace against he r husband; or, in return, a husband against his wife. Yet the lower rank of people, who were always fond of the old common law, still claim and exert their ancient privilege: and the courts of law will still permit a husband to restrain a wife of her liberty, in the case of any gross misbehaviour. These are the chief legal effects of marriage during the coverture; upon which we may observe, that even the disabilities which the wife lies under are for the most part intended for her protection and benefit: so great a favourite is the female sex of the laws of England. Source ï » ¿William Blackstone. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Vol, 1 (1765), pages 442-445.